Specifics of native Russian speakers’ perception of phraseological сalques (an experimental study)

   The globalization of modern communicative processes, the universal accessibility of information, and the speed of its dissemination cause continuous replenishment of the Russian language vocabulary and phrasemes through explicit and implicit borrowings, which include phraseological calques. The paper emphasizes that phraseological calques have been sufficiently well described as a linguistic, linguocultural, and translation phenomenon, while the anthropocentric specificity of these units has hardly been studied. In the anthropocentric approach, we can define a phraseological calque as a foreign language formula that was collectively approved and accepted by native speakers and has become a model to be emulated. Various studies repeatedly note that phraseological calques are perceived as metaphorical formations of the mother tongue or as organic authentic units. The study of calqued phrasemes as a cognitive and linguistic phenomenon is impossible without reference to the linguistic consciousness of native speakers. This paper describes and analyses the results of our experimental study aimed at determining the specifics of perception and identification of phraseological calques by native speakers (namely, students of philology). We assumed that the participants in the experiment, given their professional status, would be able to identify the foreign-language origin of phrasemes on the basis of their formal and substantive characteristics. The results of the experiment did not support the hypothesis as only 9 % of the answers indicated, in one way or another, the foreign origin of certain phrases, while the term “calque” was used only five times. The main attributes that the respondents focused on, when identifying phraseological calques, were the composition of the phraseme, knowledge of its prototype, and the historical and cultural facts related to the expression.

1. Sen'ko, E. V., Lenchina, M. R. (2020). Kal'kirovanie v sovremennom russkom yazyke [Calquing in the Contemporary Russian]. Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. Tambov, Gramota. Tom 13. Vypusk 11, pp. 128–133. (In Russian)

2. Marinova, E. V. (2008). Inoyazychnye slova v russkoi rechi kontsa XX – nachala XXI vv.: problemy osvoeniya i funktsionirovaniya [Foreign Words in the Russian Speech of the Late 20^th – Early 21^st Centuries: Problems of Development and Functioning]. 495 p. Moscow, Elpis. (In Russian)

3. Mechkovskaia, N. B. (2009). Istoriya yazyka i istoriya kommunikatsii: ot klinopisi do Interneta : kurs lektsii po obshchemu yazykoznaniyu [The History of Language and the History of Communication: From Cuneiform to the Internet : A Course of Lectures in General Linguistics]. 584 p. Moscow, Flinta, Nauka. (In Russian)

4. Mokienko, V. M. (2020). Frazeologicheskie kal'ki kak istochnik obogashcheniya natsional'nykh yazykov [Phraseological Calquing as a Source of Enrichment of National Languages]. Slavianskaya frazeologiya: zaimstvovaniya i kal'ki v slavyanskoi frazeologii. Kollektivnaya monografiya. Greifswald: Universität Greifswald, pp. 5–17. (In Russian)

5. Krysin, L. P. (2002). Leksicheskoe zaimstvovanie i kal'kirovanie v russkom yazyke poslednikh desiatiletii [Lexical Borrowing and Calquing in the Russian Language of the Last Decades]. Voprosy yazykoznaniya. No. 6, pp. 27–34. (In Russian)

6. Mukhin, S. V. (2017). Lingvokul'turologicheskie modeli frazeologicheskogo kal'kirovaniya [Linguoculturological Models of Phraseological Calquing]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki. No. 9 (781), pp. 60–66. (In Russian)

7. Matveeva, O. V. (2005). Leksicheskoe kal'kirovanie kak rezul'tat lingvokul'turnogo vliyaniya v usloviyakh mezhkul'turnoi kommunikatsii : avtoref. dis. ... kand. filol. nauk [Lexical Calquing as a Result of Linguocultural Influence in the Context of Intercultural Communication : Ph.D. Thesis Abstract]. Saratov, 24 p. (In Russian)

8. Balli, Sh. (1961). Frantsuzskaya stilistika [French Stylistics]. 393 p. Moscow, izd-vo inostrannoi literatury. (In Russian)

9. Arapova, N. S. (1998). Kal'ka [Calque]. Yazykoznanie. Bol'shoi entsiklopedicheskii slovar'. Gl. red. V. N. Yartseva. 211 p. Moscow, Bol'shaya Rossiiskaya entsiklopediya. (In Russian)

10. Shanskii, N. M. (1996). Frazeologiya sovremennogo russkogo yazyka : uchebnoe posobie [Phraseology of the Contemporary Russian Language]. 192 p. St. Petersburg, Spetsial'naya literatura. (In Russian)

11. Efremov, L. P. (1959). Sushchnost' leksicheskogo zaimstvovaniya i osnovnye priznaki osvoeniya zaimstvovannykh slov : avtoref. dis. . . . kand. filol. nauk [The Essence of Lexical Borrowings and the Main Features of Mastering Borrowed Words : Ph.D. Thesis Abstract]. Alma-Ata, 24 p. (In Russian)

12. Solodukho, E. M. (1982). Problemy internatsionalizatsii frazeologii (na materiale yazykov slavianskoi, germanskoi i romanskoi grupp) : monografiya [Problems of Internationalization of Phraseology (based on the Languages of the Slavic, Germanic and Romance Groups) : A Monograph]. 167 p. Kazan', izd-vo Kazanskogo universiteta. (In Russian)

13. Shmelev, D. N. (2004). Sovremennyi russkii yazyk: leksika [The Contemporary Russian Language: Vocabulary]. 336 p. Moscow, Editorial URSS. (In Russian)

14. Garipova, A. A. (2011). Sistemno-funktsional'nyi analiz frazeologicheskikh edinits, kal'kirovannykh s russkogo yazyka na tatarskii : avtoref. dis. . . . kand. filol. nauk [System-functional Analysis of Tatar Phraseological Units Calqued from Russian: Ph.D. Thesis Abstract]. Kazan', 22 p. (In Russian)

15. Apreotesei, Ch. (1983). Kal'ki slavianskogo proiskhozhdeniya v rumynskom yazyke [Slavic Origin Calques in the Romanian Language]. Romanoslavica. T. 21, pp. 85–95. (In Russian)

16. Bagautdinova, G. A. (2007). Chelovek vo frazeologii (antropotsentricheskii i aksiologicheskii aspekty) : avtoref. dis. … d-ra. filol. nauk [A Person in Phraseology (Anthropocentric and Axiological Aspects) : Doctoral Thesis Abstract]. Kazan', 45 p. (In Russian)

17. Alefirenko, N. F. (2005). Antropotsentricheskaya frazeologiya: paradoksy i realii [Anthropocentric Phraseology: Paradoxes and Realities]. Slovo. Tekst. Czas. VIII. Chelovek vo frazeologii i leksike slavianskikh iazykov. Pp. 66–71. Szczecin. (In Russian)

18. Meshcheriakova, O. A. (2019). Frazeologicheskaya kal'ka v sisteme izucheniya vzaimodeistviya yazykov v kognitivnom aspekte [Phraseological Calque in the System of Studying the Interaction of Languages in the Cognitive Aspect]. Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka. No. 38, pp. 363–370. (In Russian)

19. Naumova, I. O. (2012). Frazeologicheskie kal'ki angliiskogo proiskhozhdeniya v sovremennom russkom yazyke (na materiale publitsistiki) : monografiya [Phraseological Calques of English Origin in Contemporary Russian (based on Massmedia): A Monograph]. 214 p. Kharkov, KhNAGCh. (In Russian)

20. Arapova, N. S. (2000). Kal'ki v russkom yazyke poslepetrovskogo perioda: opyt slovarya [Calques in the Russian of the Post-Petrine Period: The Experience of a Dictionary]. 319 p. Moscow, izd-vo Mosk. un-ta. (In Russian)

21. Nikitina, O. A., Shteffens, D. (2018). O nominativnoi funktsii novykh imennykh frazeologizmov nemetskogo yazyka [About the Nominative Function of the New Nominal Phraseological Units of the German Language]. Poliparadigmal'nye konteksty frazeologii v XX veke : materialy Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. Tula, TPPO, pp. 36–41. (In Russian)

22. Bagana, Zh., Bezrukaia, A. N., Tarasova, M. V. (2007). Kal'ka i zaimstvovanie kak rezul'tat inoyazychnogo vliyaniya [Interrelation between Borrowings and Calques]. Vestnik RUDN. Seriya Lingvistika. No. 1 (9), pp. 5–10. (In Russian)

23. “Ispanskii styd”: fanaty v shoke ot vykhoda sbornoi Italii v final EVRO [“Spanish Shame”: Fans Shocked by Italy's Progress to the EURO Final]. RIA Novosti. Sport. 2021. 07 iyulya. URL: https://rsport.ria.ru/20210707/futbol-1740181040.html (accessed: 30. 04. 2022).(In Russian)

24. Krotova, A. G. (2016). Frazeologicheskie neologizmy v sovremennoi rechi, ili Chto takoe “dorozhnaya karta” [Phraseological Neologisms in the Contemporary Speech, or What a “Road Map” Is Like]. Lingvistika XXI veka: traditsii i novatsii : Sb. trudov po materialam Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii pamiati professora V. V. Lazareva. Pp. 229–237. Pyatigorsk, PGLU. (In Russian)