The article examines the possibility of expressing simultaneity using the verb “to do” and the conjunction “when” in one sentence. The relevance of the research is due to the need for comprehensive systematic studies of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing the category of simultaneity in English and Russian separately and in comparative terms. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set and solved: 1) the tense forms of verbs in English and Russian, which help to express simultaneity; 2) the frequency of use of various tense forms based on a specific verb and conjunction in the compared languages. We used descriptive and comparative methods to implement the tasks set. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it allows us to identify the features of expressing simultaneity in two different-structured languages. The scientific results and theoretical positions obtained in the course of our work can be used in the further study of simultaneity. The practical results of the research can be used in teaching functional semantics, general and comparative linguistics. The theoretical basis of the research was the works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the study of simultaneity and its categories.

This article presents a system of adjectives, describing horse head markings in the Sakha language, based on structural and lexical-semantic analysis. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that so far, the names of horse head markings in the Sakha language have not been systematized. The study uses 25 names extracted from lexicographic sources. To clarify the etymology of the names, we involved lexical parallels from the Mongolian, Buryat, Evenki and Even languages. E. A. Kosykh’s theory served as an idea for developing the system. The study showed that 7 analyzed color-designations consist of one lexeme and belong to monolexeme names, which are used separately from horse coat сolors. We have established that polylexemic color-definitions, which are represented by 18 names, are formed by adding two components where one of the components is a clarifying component and the other is a supporting one. As the analysis has shown, the clarifying component is expressed by the bases of nouns denoting various phenomena: objects and animals. By developing the system of names for horse head markings we get a broader and more complete picture of color designations describing horse colors in the Sakha language.

The scientific linguistic understanding of adequate communication is important for implementing business projects on different aspects of economic partnership and collaboration. The article studies comparative lexical borrowings in differently structured languages: Russian, Arabic and English. Using economic vocabulary, we examine allomorphic and isomorphic features in unrelated languages based on the comparative method. The purpose of this research is to identify similar and different features in the process of lexical borrowing in the data systems of three languages. Among the main isomorphic features, the article presents the following ones: a large number of early borrowings in the economic sphere in the form of the product naming, a significant number of early borrowings in the economic sphere from Greek, Latin, French and Italian, the presence of mutual borrowings related to the group of product categories, trade relations, the presence of the international vocabulary, etc. Allomorphic features are identified in the peculiarities of assimilation of a foreign word in receptor languages, in the presence or absence of intra-linguistic borrowings, in the various adaptation differences of borrowings at phonetic, semantic, morphological levels, etc. The article focuses on the understanding of adequate ways of communication in the implementation of business economic projects, which take into account both the regulations of business companies in European countries and the requirements of partners in the eastern regions, representatives of Arab countries. Our practically oriented results can be implemented in the educational methodological literature for the professionals in economics, philologists, Russianists, Arabists, Anglicists, translators, etc.

The paper studies the social history of the idiom spoken by the indigenous population of Lowland Scotland and the Borders of the late 12th – third quarter of the 14th centuries, as well as the first written poetic monuments of Early Middle Scots (Inglis). The aim of this study is to consider the factors that contributed to the spread of the Inglis language, giving a description of its ethnic and social base, the areas of use and the study of the first important poetic monuments written in this language, preceding the epic poem “Bruce” (1375) by J. Barbour, associated by most scholars with the emergence of the literary tradition of the Lowland Scotland regional language. The article gives a brief overview of the literary heritage of Thomas the Rhymer, the poetic work “Song on the Death of Alexander III”, as well as other written monuments of the Scottish pre-literary period. We describe the history of the creation of the “Auchinleck Manuscript”, which includes texts written in various dialects of Middle English, and points out the special scientific value of the Manuscript. As a result of the research, we have come to the conclusion that the isolation of the Scots language and the emergence of its own literary tradition was caused by both external factors, related to the independence of the Scottish state, and internal ones, related to the growth of the Inglis idiom prestige on the territory of Lowland Scotland during the period in question of the Scots language history.

The article discusses issues related to the qualifying modus category of emotivity and the ways of its expression in contemporary Russian literature of the second and third decades of the 21st century. The category of emotivity closely interacts with the categories of modality and evaluation, while explicating the qualifying subject, which makes it possible to analyze the degree of emotionality and the level of emotive evaluation. A decrease in emotionality and a shift towards a negative assessment of emotives is noted in modern literary texts as well as the predominance of primary, sensual emotions over cultured ones. Examples are given of the texts written by the most readable modern authors. In some stories, the category of emotivity is analyzed in dynamics, that is, a decrease or increase in the emotionality of the characters can be traced. In other works, emotionality is considered either in connection with the author’s attitude to what is being reported, or in interaction with life values, which form the emotional state of the characters. It was important to focus on what family and moral values are expressed through emotions. As a means of expressing emotionality, we highlight the vocabulary of emotions with nuclear and central emotive meanings, as well as syntactic and artistic means of their expression, which are often characterized by a peripheral zone of emotivity.

This paper presents the speech of a native from a settlement in the west of the Voronezh Region. The aim of the study is to determine the distinctive characteristics of the dialectal linguistic personality from the village of Kolomytsevo, the Liskinsky District, to make up its modern portrait. The subject of our academic essay is the phonetic and grammatical features of the dialect and the themes that reflect the world of the dialect carrier. The object of our study is the Kolomychanka dialect. The living speech of Lidiya Mikhailovna Kostyrkina, recorded by me in the course of our easy communication, was used as a language material. In the process of working on the article, we applied the following methods: the method of stationary observation, survey, description and analysis. The results of the research are the data that allow interpreting a linguistic personality as a carrier of Russian-Ukrainian dialects according to a number of features that are most clearly seen at the phonetic level. We prove that the respondent’s speech is simple, expressive and plain. The article concludes that through the original living dialect, the speech portrait and the world of the dialect carrier are represented due to specific features, which display the image of a person with their views on rural realities, diverse family relationships, a rich inner way of thinking, a special faith in God, etc. Everyone has their own system of views. The presented material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The article studies the specifics of transonymization as a process of felisonym formation. Transonymization is established as an active process of felisonym formation, reflecting the felisonymic fragment of the nominator’s linguistic world picture. The main categories of onyms that are transonymized into felisonyms at the inter-categorial level are anthroponyms, ideonyms, mythonyms, theonyms, names of verbal trademarks, toponyms, astronyms, culinary names, names of programming languages and software, names of currencies, names of medicines, ergonyms, and names of toys; at the intra-categorial (or interspecific) level, transonymization takes the form of transzoonymization, when proper names of zoological species different from the domestic cat transform to felisonyms; at the intraspecific level, transonymization takes the form of transfelisonimization, when the proper name of one cat is applied to another. The presented list of onomastic categories capable of felisonimization is not considered to be finite and can be supplemented by onyms of other onomastic types. The article reveals that felisonyms, being the product of transonymization, are determined by subject-oriented motives (associated with a particular nominator’s views, interests and preferences) and object-oriented motives (associated with a particular cat’s properties, the place of its discovery and its life story), the leading place being subject-oriented motives. It is stated that nominators use either semantic or grammatical transonimization when choosing a name for their cat. The most productive type appears to be semantic transonymization, which is the direct transition of the onym to the felisonym without concomitant derivational changes. In case of grammatical transonymization, the revealed derivational processes (addition of the diminutive formant, shortening and language games) emphasize the nominator’s positive attitude towards their pets and facilitate communication with them.

This study is aimed at studying framing strategies in political discourse. The aim of this scientific work is to study discursive framing strategies, namely lexical and predicative ones, in the texts of political messages published by Pedro Sanchez, one of the candidates for the post of the Spanish Prime Minister in April 2019.

Within the framework of this study, we use the analysis model proposed by Beatris Gallardo-Paúls. Taking into account Fillmore’s ideas, she suggests using framing mechanisms, which help each speaker direct the recipient’s interpretation by means of various discursive strategies. B. Gaillardo-Paúls distinguishes three levels of pragmatics with different strategies; within the framework of this article, the strategies are analyzed at the level of the utterance.

The study revealed the frequent use of such lexical means as metaphor, anaphora and euphemism, which emphasizes the importance of their role in creating a political image and influencing the emotional perception of the audience. We also note a high frequency of the personal pronouns “we” and “they” as actants, which helps the politician to emphasize the ideological confrontation between the left and right parties in Spain.

The article considers representation variants of the Tatar language concepts based on Tatar and Bashkir literatures of the Republic of Bashkortostan in terms of cognitive and cultural linguistics. Here, we briefly present the main approaches to the interpretation of such notions as ‘concept’, ‘artistic picture of the world’, ‘individual linguistic picture of the world’, etc.

The artistic comprehension of the national-linguistic picture of the world is carried out by writers and poets as they are able to create new artistic worlds and in this way to expand the connotational field of a particular concept. To analyze this process, the article uses the works of Tatar and Bashkir writers: M. Kabirov, G. Gizzatullina, G. Gilmanov, M. Vafin and M. Zakirov. We present our experience of interpreting such meaningful concepts of Tatar culture as ‘кеше’ (Tat. keshe - person), ‘җан’ (Tat. zhan - soul), ‘кабык’ (Tat. kabyk - lubok), ‘шагыйрь’ (Tat. shagyir - poet), ‘моң’ (Tat. mon - melody / sadness), ‘юл’ (Tat. yul - road / path) possessing linguistic and linguocultural significance. The research proves the value of the concept analysis aimed to determine the combination of universal, national and individual components of the concept in the oeuvre of a certain author. The article shows that analyzing a text or texts of writers from the viewpoint of conceptual frameworks allows a deeper understanding of their artistic canvas as a representation of the writer’s world. The article highlights that the analysis of the conceptual picture of the text, based on Tatar literature, remains relevant and promising.

The article concentrates on the communication of generations. It also seeks to identify and differentiate specific features of discourses related to and connected with the interactions of generations. These discourses include the discourse about generations, generational, intragenerational and intergenerational discourses. The main differentiating criterion is the verbalized generational identity of one or more participants of the communication process. Addressing generational issues in the process of communication without actualizing the generational identity of the communicants and the accentuation of the thematic choice is a criterion for distinguishing the discourse about the generation as a separate subspecies. The coinciding or differing generational affiliation of communicants acts as a differentiating feature of generational, intergenerational and intragenerational discourses. The verbalized generational belonging of the addresser is the marker of a generational discourse. It usually has no designated addressee. If the generational identity of both the addresser and the addressee is revealed, the generational discourse is divided into intragenerational and intergenerational. If communicants belong to the same generation, the discourse is intragenerational. If communicants belong to different generations, the discourse becomes intergenerational. The concept of “generation” can be considered from a biological and social point of view. If communicants belong to different generations and are relatives, the subspecies of the discourse is the intrafamilial discourse (personality-oriented). If the communicants belong to different generations but they are not relatives, the interfamilial discourse subspecies is distinguished, which can be both personalityoriented and institutional in nature (if the communicants emphasize the function of the generation as a social institution).

By studying the verbalization means of emotionality in the area of Tatar phraseology, we present in a single complex the language and speech possibilities, contributing to the understanding of the mentality and psychology of the Tatar language personality. Phraseological units are characterized by imagery, emotional expressiveness and axiological features. These features are considered to be the most essential ones for phraseological units. If independent parts of speech have the categorical meanings of objectivity, action, state or attribute, which ensure their nominative function, in the case of phraseological units, the weakening of this function occurs due to the strengthening of emotional and figurative-expressive functions.The article discusses phraseological units that express several related emotions of varying degrees of intensity, these emotions can be subsumed into phraseosemantic subgroups (“a phraseosemantic subgroup of surprise”; “a phraseosemantic subgroup of grief, suffering, sadness and despondency”, “a phraseosemantic subgroup of joy and happiness”, etc.). All these phraseosemantic subgroups are combined into three main groups: 1) those expressing positive emotions; 2) those expressing negative emotions; 3) those expressing neutral emotions. We have identified two phraseosemantic subgroups denoting positive emotions: 1) joy and happiness; 2) calmness and ease. In each of the subgroups, phraseological units consist of the components with nationally specific features. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “joy and happiness” are: kuk (sky), bakhet (happiness), yorak (heart), kunel (soul), etc. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “calmness and ease” are: somaticisms, kunel (soul), yorak (heart), җan (soul), etc. Having got rid of negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, a person calms down and becomes happy.

The paper considers one of the functions of the demonstrative pronoun-attribute тотъ (tot) in the South Russian documents of the 17th century. Researchers have repeatedly noted the similarity of this pronoun in some contexts with the definite article in languages where the expression of the definiteness category is mandatory. The purpose of this work is to examine the features and the consistency of the тотъ (tot) use in this function.

It was determined that, despite a large number of uses of the demonstrative group with тотъ (tot) to denote the objects already mentioned, in some cases the pronoun is omitted systematically (in the construction “цѣна (tsěna) + Dat.” ; when voivodes or geographical objects are repeatedly mentioned) or unsystematically. Considering that demonstrative nominal groups in their standard function should not be used as a means of naming an already mentioned object, as they distinguish a particular object from the class of similar ones, we may postulate the article function of the demonstrative pronoun-attribute тотъ (tot). However, the inconsistency of its use as a means of expressing definiteness denies the possibility of its grammaticalization and the nascence of a definite article on the basis of тотъ (tot).

The article presents the results of the study of modern Russian verbs with the person subject based on the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” by I. Bunin. The purpose of the article is a one-time occurrence verbs’ multi–level analysis taking into account several aspects, lexico-semantic and grammatical ones, through the prism of functional grammar. This analysis will reveal the features of the use of verbs with the meaning of one-time occurrence in I. Bunin’s idiostyle, and their role in revealing the main conceptual space of the author’s stories. The novelty of our research is the fact that we have taken into account the morphological and syntactic characteristics of the verbs, their features of compatibility with the circumstances of time, mode of action, measure and degree. We have established that the category of one-time occurrence functions in two groups (marked and unmarked one-time use), which have their own specific morphological characteristics, however, they are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they are combined with time constants. The most frequent group of one-act verbs has been identified, namely: verbs with the suffix – nu (ну) -. This interpretation has made it possible to analyze in more detail the linguistic phenomenon of I. Bunin, to reveal the author’s individual picture of the world. The analysis of the linguistic material allowed us to conclude that the functioning of the verbs with the meaning of one-time occurrence in fictional discourse helps to identify the author’s perception of reality based on the unity of rational and emotional elements.

The article examines different options for the interaction of children’s literature and the literature of the large canon plot models in the works of Valentin Kataev. The object of the study is two of his stories: the first part of the tetralogy “Waves of the Black Sea” – “The Lonely Sail Is White” and “The Son of the Regiment”.

The first story is distinguished by a fairly obvious orientation towards the model of the Revolution conceptualization that developed at the turn of the 1910s and 1920s. The mystery model determines the nature of the plot construction, forming a certain internal plot, presented by the mythologemes of “Red Easter”/ “Working Easter” and “sails”. The mythologems are built along two storylines in the parallel development, at the end of the story they charge the ideological load of the traditional romantic image with a mysterious meaning.

The second story is characterized by its inclusion into the mythology of the “big family” being constructed at this stage. This is associated with a shift in a psychologically grounded plot action towards epicization, which is embodied in the accentuated archetypal component. The mythologeme of the “big family” is presented in the work in the context of ideological connotations common to the given time and is realized at all levels of the text: its plot, characters, images and chronotops. As a result, the nature of temporal conceptualization changes: the mysterious processuality of time gives way to temporal circularity.

Based on the theatrical interpretation of the work (the play of the same name by the G. Kariev Tatar Youth Theater), this article discusses the features of translation into the Tatar language of the story-féerie by A. Grin “Scarlet Sails”. The study reveals the specifics of the modern interpretation of the main storylines and the images – the characters from Grin’s work, presents the quotes with the original authorial translation (M. Khabutdinova), describes various techniques and means of theatrical art that make it possible to succinctly and expressively present the modern insights into the work that has celebrated its centennial anniversary. The article analyzes in detail the individual episodes of the play that have conceptual significance and the iconic mise en scene that receive a multi-aspect literary interpretation (in part due to the original translation of the text and its stage embodiment). The article characterizes all the components of the theatrical performance (its composition, choreography, musical accompaniment and the set design (scenery, stage costumes, props and furniture). Much attention is paid to the evaluation of the performers of both the main and supporting roles in the play, the nuances of the image interpretations by the actors of both casts (in particular, the images of Assol performed by Laysan Bolshova and Albina Nogmanova). The article focuses on the symbolic imagery in the production, thanks to which the traditional universal values, characteristic of A. Grin’s fairy tale, are organically embodied through the metaphor of the modern performance. The article rates the performance highly due to the efforts of the whole team of authors and actors who created a bright original play that is relevant for the modern youth audience.

The article investigates the controversial problems of cultural identification of the novel “Don’t Interrupt the Dead” by Salavat Yuzeev in terms of the modern transculturation theory of literature, written in Russian by non-Russian (national) writers. We avoid the term “a Russian-language writer,” which does not seem to be appropriate as it does not reflect mental and aesthetic realities. In the course of the analytical study of the world artistic model in the novel “Don’t Interrupt the Dead”, our main goal is to present the validity and pattern of identifying the writer as a transcultural author who creates a national Tatar model of the world using the means of Russian linguistic culture, but on the basis of mental national and general “Soviet” historiosophical myths.

Mythopoetic analysis seems conceptual for the study of transcultural texts, since it allows us to identify generic mythological correlates of the maternal model of the world interrelated with foreign ethnocultural reality. The analytics, emphasized in the article within the framework of apophatic poetics, makes it possible to consider not only the inconsistent multinational constants of the artistic transcultural model (the borderland of the Russian and Tatar ethnicity and ethos), but also multinational ones in a special format of unity - concordia discors. The article underlines that in the case of transcultural literature, not elimination, but expansion of genetic memory takes place due to the acquisition of another culture as one’s own.

The article is devoted to the problem of interaction between the genres of Eastern and Western literature, which is an important part of modern literary criticism. In this paper, the interaction of genres is considered on the basis of Mo Yan’s novel “The Republic of Wine” (1992), translated into Russian in 2012 by I. Egorov. The work of the modern Chinese writer is studied in the aspect of “hallucinatory realism”, for its development the author was awarded the Nobel Prize (2012). The article studies the influence of classical Chinese literature genres and philosophy and Western literature on modern Chinese literature, based on the novel “The Republic of Wine” by Mo Yan. The novel of the Chinese writer is analyzed in the context of the world literary process. The article discusses the transformation of motifs and characters of Chinese classical literature in the novel by a modern Chinese author. The main characters of the novel are studied in relation to the plot-forming function they perform, the main of them is the detective one. The plot of the detective story is considered in relation to the satirical tradition. The article presents Mo Yan’s view of the traditions, mentality and lifestyle of the Chinese people. The purpose of the work is to determine the main aspects of the influence of Chinese and Western literature on the work of Mo Yan “The Republic of Wine”. As a result of the study, we describe the plot motifs and images of classical Chinese and Western novels, the ideological principles of Chinese philosophy, which are embodied in Mo Yan’s novel “The Republic of Wine”.

In the literature on the issue, the ethnikon Dagestan is traditionally used, which is interpreted as an ethnonym identified with the highlanders of Dagestan. However, the languages of the latter were called Dagestanian only beginning with the second half of the twentieth century. This calls into question the historical subjectivity of the Kumyks who were traditionally called “Dagestan Tatars” as far back as in the 19th century. That is what they are called, along with the Dagestan highlanders-Lezgins, in the “Notes from the House of the Dead” by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Kumyks, under the name of “Tatars”, are also mentioned later - in Leo Tolstoy’s story “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”. A very significant fact is not only the images of the Kumyks in Russian fiction of the time under consideration, but also their historical prototypes’ fame, established by K. Aliyev. These works of fiction include A. Pushkin’s sketches and the plan of the “Romance on the Caucasian Waters” (1831), published in 1881, whose plot was connected with Shah-Vali, the son of Shamkhal of Tarkovsky Mehdi II. Crimea-shamkhal Ummalat-bek Buynaksky, an associate of the first Imam Gazi-Muhammad, was the prototype of the protagonist in A. BestuzhevMarlinsky’s story “Ammalat-Bek”. Bela is also considered to be a Kumychka who, together with her brother Azamat, belongs to the central images of M. Lermontov’s story of the same name. K. Aliyev found the Kumyk prototypes of some participants in the battle, to which M. Lermontov dedicated his poem “Valerik” (1842). We also draw attention to the Kumyk prototype of Colonel Khasanov, one of the characters in Leo Tolstoy’s story “The Raid. A Volunteer’s Story”.

The relevance of the research topic is the cultural and social need to comprehend one of the Tatar history and culture key phenomena in terms of holiness and subjects, reflecting the image of “the saint”, the tasks of restoring the people’s spiritual values, the most important ones for the moral education of modern society, as well as the need to replenish knowledge about the specific features of folk spirituality and folk beliefs. The object of the study is Tatar legendary tales about saints. The subject of the study is the image of a saint and motifs about saints in Tatar legendary tales. The purpose of the work is to identify the features, reflecting the image of the saint in Tatar tales, and the prerequisites, forming the basis of the holiness phenomenon. The research task of the article is to review legendary tales about saints, determine their genre features and identify the specific features of reflecting religious trends in modern folk thinking based on the transformation of the image of a saint and ideas of holiness in the oral folk art of the Tatars living in different regions of Russia.

The article concludes that the characters of the tales are endowed with holiness due to their sincere faith in God, a feeling of sincere love for him, they do not pursue the goal of demonstrating their abilities.

The article explores the memoir essay as a journalistic genre combining documentary and fictional elements. The study is based on the books of memoirs by B. Zaitsev, M. Nesterov and S. Rachmaninov. The analysis of memoir texts by people of creative professions makes it possible to identify the features of the synthesis of two narrative components and to determine the individual author’s approach to the disclosure of the characters’ personality.

As a result of the comparative, compositional, stylistic and contextual analysis, we have come to the following conclusions: the artistic and journalistic portrait essay fully retains its genre features only in B. Zaitsev’s book “The Distant Land“, the books of two other authors contain portrait characteristics and sketches as compositional elements in the biographical and autobiographical essay. However, the fictional images created by the memoirists contribute to the strengthening of the documentary nature, vividly, clearly and realistically recreating people and their era, despite the inevitable memoir subjectivism.

It is difficult to distinguish between the fictional and documentary sides of the text. In the journalistic text, each of them confirms the dual nature of the essay genre, which is at the intersection of documentary and fictional literature.

The article notes that initially the image of the doll was associated not with the world of childhood, but with ancient beliefs in magical powers. Therefore, in folklore and mythological traditions, the image of the doll is closely associated with the cult of death. In modern literature, the actualization of this image is associated with the romantic tradition, with the idea of the living world. In literary works, especially those aimed at child readers, this image is reinterpreted. In different cultural and historical eras, the semantics of this image, as well as the approach to its interpretation, differ. In the 1920–30s, the dominant interpretation of the image of animated dolls was allegorical, reflecting the social problems of the time in a form accessible to children. In the second half of the twentieth century, the emphasis was placed on the psychology of the child reader; the image of a living doll acquires the features of a symbolic image and can act as a means of didactic influence. The situation of reviving a doll allows us to focus on the problems of the creator’s responsibility for his creation, of a person for his work, as well as for those who have been “tamed.” A number of examples prove that this image allows us to reveal not only the specifics of a child’s perception of the world, the nature of the interaction between a child and a doll, but also the relationship between the worldview of a child and an adult.

For the first time, this article has presented the experience of describing the internal and external features of the characters in the Oirat monument “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” from the point of view of their individual qualities, based on the well-known work “The System of Characters of the Russian Fairy Tale” (2001) by the Russian folklorist E. S. Novik. The analysis is based on three unpublished copies of the monument, stored in the Scientific Library of the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, the Manuscript Fund of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. Lexicographic works and dictionaries were used as additional materials for interpreting the names of the Buddhist characters. As a result of the analysis, we have come to the conclusion that for the intra-plot functioning of the characters, it is important to take into account not only the role they play in the given plot (episode), but also the individual characteristics they are endowed with, since they correspond to those actions (conflict situations) in which the characters take part. The individual features of the character not only determine the nature of the plot, but they can also change in the course of its development, since each character is a bundle of characteristics that can easily disintegrate or be completed. We believe that the results obtained will serve as the basis for further research into the family, class and local states of the characters in the Oirat monument “The Legend of the Nectar Teaching.”

The article studies the prayer as one of the techniques of psychologism in the story by G. GizzatullinaGaysarova. Our purpose is to study the role and function of using a prayer in the work by the Bashkir prose writer. The analysis is based on her story “The Prayer of My Love”. To achieve this goal, we used the comparative-historical, descriptive, functional and psychological methods. The analysis showed that the peculiarity of the writer’s manner is the use of the gender approach and the narration from the main character’s perspective. The psychological content of the work is revealed due to the writer’s ability to show the depth of human feelings using an emotionally colored artistic language, her skill to convey characteristic psychologism by means of such expressive techniques as a monologue, dialogue, letter, diary, confession and prayer. Thus, the writer’s mastership has made it possible to take a step forward in understanding deep human feelings and the embodiment of her character’s spiritual exploits; the reception of the prayer in the story helps to understand the emotions of the characters and comprehend the individual features of human nature.

The results of this study may contribute to the further study of the artistic psychologism in the writer’s prose.

The article deals with the dystopia “Never Let Me Go” (2005) by the British writer Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel, chosen for our analysis, is the text of a diary, in which the main character’s memoirs are used to represent a transhumanist future. The main character of the novel, Kathy H., keeps a diary that defines the entire narrative organization of the text. The novel is seen as a postmodern example of an ongoing artistic tradition in which personal, private experiences, captured in Kathy H.’s diary, lead the reader through a fictional world. The article analyzes the genre and stylistic features of the diary to identify the narratological originality of the novel. The reception of the diary entries allows the reader to see how Kathy H.’s personality develops over time. This structure creates an engaging narrative approach that enables the reader to follow the psychological maturation and development of Kathy H.’s character and her journey of self-discovery. Kathy’s diary serves as an unreliable, but the only source of information in the novel. This allows the reader to adopt the protagonist’s emotional experience, to scrutinize her way of thinking and to plunge into her innermost world of desires. Taking the fictional world for a plausible one, the reader dives deeper into the narrative of the novel by the Nobel Prize winner in literature. This novel raises eternal and deeply philosophical themes, such as: humanity, memory, love, mortality and the meaning of life.

The article discusses the translation of “Anna Karenina” into the Tatar language made by the writer and translator Mahmud Maksud. The relations between the fictional discourse of the two texts (primary and secondary) are interpreted as phenomena of the integration process. In fact, the translation of Mahmud Maksud, thanks to his special gift of perception and interpretation of the artistic and aesthetic features of the original text as, in general, any worthy translation of fiction, is not a simple tracing paper of the primary text, but a new artistic creation. The translator interprets the work: while preserving the fictional truth of the primary text, he/she creates a new poetic expression, “a new fictional truth.” Mahmud Maksud’s translation demonstrates the fact that in the process of translation and interpretation there are points of contact between two cultures that are not interchangeable. This indicates such a problem as the translatability of the untranslatable and the representation of the national characteristics of the original work.

Creating a “new fictional truth” is a rather complicated matter. At the same time, it is precisely the “new fictional truth” that makes the work “dioecious,” that is, belonging to two national literatures.

The most influential persons in contemporary Russian poetry belong to the elder generation of authors. It is they who now maintain the entire tradition of Russian poetry, which is being consciously or unconsciously abandoned by many representatives of the younger generations, impoverishing their own verse practice. There are few poets today whose importance is recognized not only by their supporters but also by representatives of other aesthetic groups. Among these persons is the poet and translator Marina Yakovlevna Boroditskaya (b. 1954). Despite the aesthetic importance of her work, which has long been recognized by critics, and her wide popularity among the public, philology has so far hardly studied her poems and translations. Boroditskaya’s position in literature is in many ways unique, as she acts both as a lyric poet for adults, as a children’s poet and as a poetic translator, with all three types of her literary activity mutually enriching each other. The article considers Boroditskaya’s translations from children’s English-language poetry of the twentieth century (Dr. Seuss (USA) and Julia Donaldson (Great Britain)) and the influence of Russian poetic classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries on the versioning and stylistic features of the translated texts. The article proves that Boroditskaya actually realizes in her translations an implicit cultural synthesis, masterfully combining English and Russian poetic traditions, and overcomes the artificial barrier between poetry oriented towards adult and children’s audiences, respectively.

The article examines Z. Smith’s novel “On Beauty” (2005) in the context of the university novel tradition. In general, the writer adheres to the framework of tradition, reproducing typical plot situations in novels of this kind, describing the university environment, conflicts of interests in the teaching environment and relationships with students. One of the central characters of the novel, Howard Belsey, finds himself in a typical situation for a university professor experiencing an age crisis of family breakdown, which is also characteristic of the plots of such novels. The innovation of Zadie Smith is that she raises the issue of the university environment isolation, its social, racial and moral aspects. At the level of space, this idea is expressed in the emphasis on the closeness of the university space and the ways of penetration through its boundaries. The image of Karl Thomas, a young black trespasser of the University of Wellington, raises issues about the possibilities for young and free racially different people of finding a place for themselves in early twenty-first century American society. Particular attention is paid to the description of the university space in the novel in relation to other types of space.

The article reveals a corpus of folklore and literary texts dedicated to the life and activities of the horse thief Shakur Rakhimov who was shot in 1926. His gang consisted of 100 people. In the Russian literary tradition, writers turned to this image only during the years of perestroika – largely by order of the Press Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. These are the story by E. Sukhov “Shakur-karak” (1994) and the essay by M. Belyaev and A. Sheptytsky “Robin Hood or the Progenitor of Organized Crime?”, which was written for the book “Gangster Tatarstan”. Both works were created on a documentary basis. The writers familiarized themselves with 40 volumes of the criminal case, analyzed press coverage of the events and the memories of the eyewitnesses. The fight between the smart thief and the professional investigator is depicted in F. Dostoevsky’s traditions. Tatar literature remains faithful to the folklore tradition where the image of Shakur-karak gravitates towards the pole of the Robin Hood archetype – the people’s protector. It is obvious that the Gorky romantic tradition dominates in Tatar works.

The article studies the poetics of the novel “The Lovely Bones” by E. Sebold. We applied comparative-historical and structural methods. The scientific novelty of the article is our research into the novel as a work about a frustrated adulthood. We consider its ideological and artistic specificity: the narration of a dead person, the description of the world beyond and the type of the character (a teenager being on the verge of growing up). The article investigates the spatiotemporal structure of the narrative and distinguishes its earthly and heavenly places. We analyze the system of characters in the novel and prove that the protagonist’s maturation is associated with the internal evolution of minor characters whose story unfolds both in the novel’s present and in the past, which the reader discovers due to flashbacks. Our study considers the specifics of the narration: as the main character is no longer alive, she has an omniscient position – her ability of flowing into the consciousness of other characters. The novel is analyzed in terms of transformation of initiation novel’s genre structures: Suzy is simultaneously a “mentor” for her loved ones and experiences her own growing up. In the finale of the novel, the emotive aspect of the work becomes crucial: gloomy hopelessness is replaced by the motifs of hope, forgiveness and faith. The article concludes that the theme of the formation and internal evolution of a person plays a plot-forming role in modern American literature.

The article studies the development of intercultural competence in the process of teaching international students. We discuss the preparation of trainee linguists from the People’s Republic of China for intercultural communication while studying fiction.

Reading literary works develops the students’ ability to empathize and argue their position, their skills of text analysis, enriches the students’ language. A literary text is an important means for introducing international students to the culture they are studying, specific national characteristics and traditions of Russia, which is a part of their preparation for intercultural communication.

The article points out the difficulties that foreigners experience in the perception of poetic works, caused by their ambiguity and imagery, but concludes that it is necessary and possible to study not only prose, but also poetry with trainees from the PRC.

To participate in intercultural dialogue interns need to be able to compare the features of their native and studied cultures in order to identify differences and similarities in national cultural values and to realize universal human values. We consider it important for interns to be able to talk about their native culture in the target language. To solve these problems, we turn to literary texts of Chinese literature along with the study of Russian literature.

Based on the gained experience, the article provides examples of studying fiction with trainee linguists from the People’s Republic of China.

The article discusses issues related to the organization of the educational process in the native (Tatar) language in the context of the introduction of the updated Federal State Educational Standards of General Education. A review of methodological literature and federal curriculum plans on academic subjects “Native (Tatar) Language”, “State (Tatar) Language of the Republic of Tatarstan” allowed us to come to the conclusion that in order to achieve personal, meta-subject and subject learning results, modern native language teachers should have certain general pedagogical and methodological skills, be competent in their subject area, as well as in the field of modern pedagogical technologies. In general, the main activity of the Tatar language teacher is to organize collective speech communication and update knowledge based on the creation of a positive psychological climate in the classroom; to assist students in achieving learning outcomes; to use interactive techniques and activity-based types of work; to positively evaluate students’ activities; to stimulate interest in learning their native language; to improve the quality of scheduled and extracurricular work on the subject.

 It is also important to note that currently the study of the native languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation is one of the priorities in the system of general education, which emphasizes the relevance and significance of this study.

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of meta-subject results formation in primary school students in accordance with the updated Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education. We analyze the meta-subject educational results and approaches, for students in various subject areas, based on the development of universal learning activities including the subject area “Native language and literary reading in the native language”. In this study, the interpretation of the term “meta-subject” is given, according to which the development of universal educational actions among students takes place in various subject areas, in particular within the subject area “Native language and literary reading in the native language”. The article highlights that the study of state languages contributes to the formation of a multilingual and multicultural personality, which enhances the development of a more harmonious society where respect and recognition of other peoples become key values. We present the analysis of a number of laws and documents regulating the study of the state Bashkir language in schools of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The article focuses on the planned results proposed in the Approximate Curriculum for the academic subject “The State (Bashkir) language of the Republic of Bashkortostan” at the level of general primary education.

The article identifies the main problems that arise when teaching Russian to Arabic-speaking medical students. The purpose of our research is to consider typical features and errors in the perception of medical lexis by Arab medical students and identify ways of solving them using mnemonics. In the theory and methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, there is a constant search for effective methods to solve the following problems of spelling: “mirror writing” among Arab medical students, as well as errors arising from the interfering influence of English and French, the replacement of letters and the omission of certain letters in medical terms. The article also focuses on the problems of Arabic-speaking students’ perception related to their native Arabic culture, namely right-to-left writing, known in linguistics as “Semitic writing”, and the perception of the chronology of events, which is also directly related to the right-hand Semitic writing. We suggest our own special mnemonics for Arab medical students. The obtained results showed that our mnemonic techniques contribute not only to the elimination of the abovementioned spelling errors and perception problems, but also activate the mechanism of hemispheric interaction and neural connections in the brain; consequently, Arabic-speaking students actively memorize and consolidate professional medical lexis in Russian in the classes of Russian as a foreign language.

The article considers personalized control as the basis for an individual development trajectory, an individual plan for improving foreign language communication skills. The tool for its implementation is individual success monitoring in foreign language learning followed by the analysis of test results with the participation of the teacher as a consultant, which makes it possible to identify the ways of overcoming existing problems in mastering a foreign language. The article analyzes the results of monitoring, conducted among students at the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication (Kazan Federal University), and concludes that further work should be done to determine the individual path of each student in eradicating their weak points. The decision-making remains with the students themselves; however, additional courses in the development of receptive skills may become a motivating factor, when the period of pseudo-passivity actually lays the foundation for improving communicative competence through the involuntary acquisition of foreign language vocabulary and grammar. Success in listening or reading comprehension, based on authentic texts, inspires confidence in further improvement of communicative competence and allows, through self-analysis and self-assessment, determining guidelines for each student’s progress in learning a foreign language.

The article studies the complex of conditions ensuring the development of professionalism in future teachers in the system of choreographic education and describes these pedagogical conditions. We have identified the factors that determine the effectiveness of their implementation in the pedagogical process.

In the current sociocultural paradigm, the relevance of the article is conditioned by such factors as: the need to improve the quality of choreographic education; the revisal of the whole system of professional training of dance teachers; the lack of a well-founded system of effective pedagogical conditions for the development of professional qualities in students-teachers-choreographers. The purpose of the article is to solve the identified problems in terms of scientific and theoretical substantiation of pedagogical conditions for the development of professionalism in future teachers-choreographers. The personality-oriented approach is chosen as the leading approach in the study of the problem. The results of the study present the proposed and substantiated pedagogical conditions that contribute to the development of professional competencies in students – future teachers-choreographers. The practical value of the results obtained is the possibility of introducing the developed pedagogical conditions into professional training of future choreographers.