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Philology and Culture

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No 1 (2022)
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6-14 101
Abstract

   The article describes the structure and semantics of simple sentences with the meaning of increase and decrease.

   The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of their component composition and the lexical content of the structural schemes in the simple sentences “who / what increases who / what” and “who / what decreases who / what”.

   The theoretical importance of this paper lies in the fact that the linguistic material of the study and its differentiation can be useful in describing the syntactic system of the Russian language and the Russian linguistic world-image. The study is based on the works by Russian writers of the 19th–21st centuries. Special attention is paid to the classification of verbs forming the named schemes and names in the subjective and objective positions according to thematic groups. We have found that in the syntactic field (of changes), the structural scheme “who / what increases who / what” is located in the same tier with the scheme “who / what decreases who / what”, and some verbs of the first scheme have informal connotations, others belong to a higher level and third ones are marked “bookish style of speech”. The verbs of the second scheme to make up (for), to undermine, to weaken, to reduce belong to the sphere of colloquial speech, while lexemes to belittle, to lull are characteristic of bookish speech.

15-21 104
Abstract

   The aim of this article is to clarify the secondary-taxis value of simultaneity in the concessional situation in German, English, Dutch, Polish and Russian.

   The concessive construction in the context of the taxis simultaneity value actualization is “secondary”; therefore, we introduce the terms “a secondary-taxis meaning of concession” and “a secondary concessive-taxis categorical situation” into scientific use. The present study is based on the empirical material of polypropositive statements with prepositional deverbatives with monotaxis concessive prepositions, which we selected and examined. The monotaxis prepositions of the concessive semantics trotz, ungeachtet, несмотря на, невзирая на, вопреки, trots, ondanks, ongeacht, despite, in spite of, wbrew, mimo, pomimo mark only one kind of secondary taxis values – those of simultaneity-concessive-taxis. The aforementioned monotaxis prepositions of concessive semantics are markers of concessive-taxis categorical situations of simultaneity. Prepositional deverbatives of the German, Russian, Dutch, English and Polish languages act as actualizers of the secondary taxis meanings of simultaneity in concessive situations. In the course of the study, we found that iterative adverbials or attributes, word-formative-iterative deverbatives, as well as distributive multiplicity of subject/object actants of verbal actions in the examined statements with prepositional deverbatives actualize interconnected iterative-concessive-taxis, distributive-concessive-taxis and distributive-iterative-concessive-taxis categorical situations of simultaneity.

22-31 125
Abstract

   The article explores, from new standpoints, the language of the Volga Bulgaria population, which is the subject of endless disputes between Chuvash and Tatar researchers, as well as Turkologists in general. Based on the linguistic features of Bulgar epitaphs and relics of colloquial speech, the article, for the first time in research, considers the language of the Bulgar population as two unique, but interconnected dialects, each of them having its own origins and its own ethnic components that distinguish one from the other. In the history of the development of these two dialects, we can single out the stage of their independent existence in different territories and the stage of joint coexistence within one state, when the processes of integration took place. Such a symbiosis eventually brought about the alignment of the two-dialect language and the victory of the Kypchak type, which included adapted Oguz-Uigur elements. At the same time, the glottonic processes, accompanying the merger of the autochthonous Finno-Ugric peoples with the Turkic groups that came from the east, led to the formation of the mixed Chuvash ethnos, which was isolated from the bulk of the Bulgars.

32-38 132
Abstract

   Bilingualism (from Latin. bi – “two” + Latin “lingua” language) is an equal command of two languages. Linguistic success of a person can be explained by various factors, and this article studies the phenomenon of “bilingualism”, namely the phenomenon of acquired bilingualism. In the course of study, the following questions arose: Because of what conditions and circumstances can a person who enters a bilingual environment call himself a “bilingual”? Does innate bilingualism affect a person’s ability to learn foreign languages? The phenomenon of “bilingualism” is studied based on the Spanish and Russian languages. In our research, we relied on the Stroop test and developed a methodology consisting of theoretical and practical parts to determine the correlation between language abilities and innate bilingualism. We have developed a questionnaire for testing students, majoring in “Foreign Philology: the Spanish Language, Literature and Translation Studies” at Kazan Federal University, and students of the Kazan “Spanish Center” who study Spanish to determine the average indicator T3-T2 among all respondents. To achieve the most adequate and objective results, we have created the methodology consisting of two parts – theoretical and practical. The article puts forward the hypotheses, which are tested in the course of the study, using our own methodology, for example, on the issue of comparing bilinguals and monolinguals’ ability to learn foreign languages. Based on the experiments described above, the article explores a new topic in the field of bilingualism - the impact of bilingualism on the behavioral model of a person. In the course of the study, we consider various opinions about the phenomenon of bilingualism in general as well as its aspects, and draw appropriate conclusions, proving the relevance of the topic of bilingualism in modern scientific research.

39-46 116
Abstract

   The article presents results of the multiple factor analysis of 117 OGE (Basic State Examination) texts and 83 texts of Cambridge PET and considers the correlation of the Flash-Kincaid readability index, narrativity, lexical diversity (MTLD) and text complexity in different text types. The evaluation of text complexity parameters was conducted with the help of the online service TextInspector. The study confirms the correlation of the above-mentioned parameters with text complexity. The research indicates that the Flash-Kincaid readability index, narrativity and lexical diversity are lower in OGE texts. Thus, OGE texts are less complex than PET texts. The range of metrics of FKGL, narrativity and MTLD in PET is far more narrow, which indicates the core of typological metrics. The style of texts has a direct influence on their complexity. According to the data, publicistic texts are the most complex and popular science texts are the least. The results of the research can be used by test developers, researchers, educational organizations and teachers.

47-51 163
Abstract

   The article researches foreign borrowings in the economic sphere of the Russian and English languages. Throughout the centuries-long history of the existence and development of the Russian and English languages, they were actively replenished with borrowings of new lexical units. During these periods of the socio-cultural formation of languages, many changes took place. These changes concerned the nature and conditions of language contacts, the sources of foreign word borrowings, the degree of assimilation of borrowed words, the subject-conceptual terms of borrowed words, the priority of using borrowings and the attitude of native speakers to borrowings – these factors to varying degrees but regularly accompanied the processes of replenishing the literary vocabulary of these recipient languages with borrowings. This article attempts to compare the borrowings in the economic sphere of the Russian and English languages, highlighting their historical resources, etymology, peculiarities of assimilation and other aspects. The main research methods are: the comparative method, the descriptive method, the analysis of foreign vocabulary in the media, business correspondence and dictionaries. While conducting this research, we used the descriptive and component methods, as well as classification and systematization techniques. The article focuses on the phonetic-graphical aspect, analyzes the assimilation methods in these two languages, provides examples from the classification of the borrowings in the economic terminology of these languages and indicates the etymology of the borrowed units.

52-58 113
Abstract

   The article studies certain aspects of perceptual modalities of Russian adjectives, based on the linguistic-psychological dictionary “Sensory Organs, Emotions and Adjectives of the Russian Language” by M. G. Kolbeneva and Y. I. Alexandrov. We put forward the hypothesis of a more complex modal organization of the perception of adjectives in comparison with the data presented in the linguistic-psychological dictionary; the adaptive experiment confirms the regression of monomodality with the increase in the number of informants. The perception of 48 Russian adjectives was studied in detail. The paper analyzes the features of perceptual modality distribution in the aspect of monomodality and polymodality, determines the leading modality of perception for 115 informants, and studies the correlation dependence of perceptual modalities (sight, hearing, smell, taste, tactility, motility). We investigate the uniformity of perceptual characteristic patterns based on the p-value criterion. For the first time, we have analyzed the motility modality in adjectives. The results of the study allow us to establish that the data from the linguistic-psychological dictionary “Sensory Organs, Emotions and Adjectives of the Russian Language” are not completely reliable; to achieve the significance criterion, it is necessary to increase the number of informants. In addition to comparing the results of the study with the data from the Russian linguistic-psychological dictionary, the paper draws parallels with similar foreign studies.

59-68 106
Abstract

   The article considers the phenomenon of a mental stereotype as a cognitive category which determines the specifics of the people’s value orientations, their worldview and self-identity. Via contextual analysis, we attempted to identify Russian ethno-linguistic culture bearers’ autostereotypes, which are formed as a result of the nation’s cognitive experience formed in the process of perception and conceptualization of its socio-historical and cultural past and present reality. The study is based on Russian jokes about the Russians. We used a continuous sampling method to find the material in the open-access Internet sources and selected 240 texts with key autostereotypes. Subsequent systematization made it possible to subsume the empirical material into four groups: images of the personages from Russian folklore (29.6 %), political figures (22.1 %), typical representatives of the Russian ethnos (20 %) and stereotypical features inherent in the Russian people (28.3 %). The contextual analysis of the linguistic means, representing stereotypical images of the Russian ethnos representatives (their mentality and speech-behavioral models), is based on the thesaurus of the “Russian Associative Dictionary” and other sources. This approach allowed us to identify the associative background of the ethnonym and its associative stereotypical nominations transmitted by Russian jokes in the linguistic consciousness of modern bearers of Russian linguoculture. Statistical data and the associative background allowed us to determine the “unique code” of the Russian person, comprising both positive and negative traits. In general, the process of stereotype formation is based on the assimilation of the informational component of social representations determined by extralinguistic factors, with its subsequent verbalization as a result of the established structure of value orientations in the text of the Russian joke through a variety of linguistic units, means and methods. In this sense, ethnic autostereotypes are a kind of view “from the inside”, with the resulting self-assessment and identification of their ethno-linguistic and cultural code, whereas the Russian joke is a translator of characteristic themes, ideas and images, the ethnosociocultural nature and essence of the people.

69-79 128
Abstract

   The article focuses on the class of terminological units that is constantly being updated due to extra linguistic factors of scientific and technological progress in the oil and gas industry. The LSP (language for special purposes) terms are considered in the field of their functioning – industry periodicals and highly specialized technical texts. The paper discusses the problem of the ambisemia term and the debatable issue of determining its characteristics. We reveal essential features of the special vocabulary, the regularities of its natural formation and the degree of implementing its terminological characteristics in order to clarify the typology of the terms and to properly term and arrange the activities of the oil and gas conceptual sphere terminological vocabulary. The results are of interest in a further study of terminological functional regularities and activities on coordination of concept nominations related to industry; the results provide material for terminological lexicographic descriptions as well as for the replenishment of field-specific dictionary sources and terminological databases of automated translation systems. Conclusions are drawn about the features of terms in the researched language for special purposes, their derivational potential for the most complete verbalization of the emerging concepts’ specific properties. The paper defines conceptual areas of professional knowledge and the semantics of the special vocabulary source, providing recommendations on the inclusion of a number of the terms in the industry dictionaries. The paper also notes expressive coloring and metaphorization of the analyzed vocabulary.

80-86 183
Abstract

   The article analyzes English, Russian, and Hebrew idioms with the lexeme blue / синий, голубой / כחול (hereinafter – BI, “blue idioms”). The research material is 327 BIs (240 in English, 46 in Russian, and 41 in Hebrew) from trilingual electronic lexical sources. Within the linguoculturological approach, the work uses qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as contextual-functional, semantic, and cultural-linguistic analyses. At the initial stage of the study, various BI values were combined into logical associative chains: A. Natural objects’ optical color: The Sky – something unlimited; Water; Medicine – blood circulation; Territory. B. Artifacts’ optical color: Dress; Computer; Something official; The Opposition: our – alien, military – peacefull; Professionals. C. Mental quality characteristics: Excellence, distinction – Aristocratic features – Efforts; Dreaminess, something romantic – Sadness, unhappiness; Aggression – Something rude, swearsome – Sex – Pornography – Drunkenness – Drugs. The work presents unique BIs related to religion, history, the culture of the speakers of these three languages, and unclassified BIs of varied subjects. The article discusses synonymous idioms with coloratives “blue”, “black”, and “green”, antinomy in BIs and idioms with “red” and “pink’ lexemes, their non-colorative Russian equivalents, positive and negative BIs’ connotations, the change in the emotiveness of English BIs over time, as well as the ethnic-priority for the Israeli linguistic culture: the blue-white color pair. The investigation considers the ambiguity of BIs, which allows including them in various microsystems and using various ways of forming these microsystems. The research results can be used in comparative and culturological linguistics, lexicographic and lexicological works, in teaching L2 and translation. A comparative study of other trilingual idioms and an analysis of the mentality, cultural characteristics, and worldview of the speakers of these three languages is the subject of our further research.

87-93 121
Abstract

   This article studies expression making devices in fictional texts by analyzing the use of semantic and stylistic potential of the Russian verb in the works of Guzel Yakhina, a representative of modern women’s prose. The focus is on the identification of the most common expression making devices and on the overall individual writing technique of Yakhina: using verbs to create expressiveness within a fictional text. We chose the descriptive method as the leading research method, which allowed us to summarize our findings. Furthermore, we used contextual and component types of the language material analysis, extracting continuous samples from Guzel Yakhina’s works. Thus, we have found that Yakhina uses traditional expression making devices in her works (personification, anaphora, gradation, parallel syntax, etc.). The author resorts to the semantic and stylistic features of the Russian verb to create vibrant living narrative pictures. We highlight Guzel Yakhina’s special manner of the verb lexicon application, obsolete verbs (or verb forms) are often found in the writer’s creative work. Her work is characterized by such things as clear semantic and stylistic differentiation of onomatopoeic verbs, skillful use of a common language in fictional texts and creation of occasional formations for semantic nuances. As a result of the conducted research, we conclude that the use of traditional devices for expression making in fictional texts is possible owing to the semantic and stylistic potential that verbs possess, the involvement of obsolete lexicon that helps portray past events accurately and the creation of occasional variants.

94-101 97
Abstract

   The article describes the cognitive structure of the archetypal binary opposition (ABO) LIGHT / DARK, which is represented by a set of classificational and differential cognitive features characteristic of its components.

   The subject of the study includes the ways of actualization of the selected features within the framework of modern American political media discourse.

   The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of the conducted research and present a holistic model of ABO, their actualization carried out by language means of secondary nomination (metaphors, metonymy, metaphtonymy).

   The study is based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), namely, publications in the media, issued from 2009 to 2019. The article represents the stages of the conducted empirical research and the results obtained, which are presented in the form of charts, tables and diagrams. The research results are accompanied by a quantitative analysis of the verbal representatives of the ABO components and the percentage ratio of classificational (basic) cognitive features (CCF) in the structure of archetypal concepts (AC). The article makes concrete conclusions interpreting the nature of the correlation between the degree of recurrence of the CCF and the real political situation.

102-109 159
Abstract

   The focus of the article is on gemeronyms, namely: the names of print and online advertising newspapers and magazines that publish information about real estate in order to create demand for them. The analysis of gemeronyms is based on the keyword method. We consider the keyword to be a core structural and semantic unit of the gemeronym, performing an identifying and informative function. A word is recognized as a keyword if it meets the following requirements: it is characterized by the frequency of use in the names of the studied group of publications and it reflects the intended purpose and thematic content of the published materials. The study finds that real estate, housing, house, apartment are the key words used as the names of advertising newspapers and magazines, whose main purpose is to attract the attention of potential customers to real estate as an object of purchase and sale, exchange, rent, rental or pledge of buildings, apartments and individual premises. These words allow consumers of advertising products to choose from the entire variety of periodicals the necessary information source. Based on the semantic and pragmastylistic analysis of both the keywords themselves and the gemeronyms they are part of, the article concludes that the distinctive feature of the names of newspapers and magazines of the group under consideration is their pragmatic nature: they contain the most informative message and directly express the object of the nomination. The identifying and informative function is more important for them than the influencing one. The study reveals semantic increments that words undergo in the context of gemeronyms, the context of commercial communication and the context of Russian linguoculture.

110-115 92
Abstract

   The article determines the specifics of the horoscope text syntax, the subject that rarely attracts attention of contemporary researchers. The horoscope has all the principle features of text with all its inherent features - coherence, integrity, completeness, etc. The essential features of text can include various kinds of lexical, stylistic and syntactic types of communication. Is it possible to consider semantic-syntactic relations as text-forming? What syntactic constructions are typical for a horoscope? These and similar questions are solved in the article.

   The purpose of our research is to identify the chief, basic syntactic models that form the structure of a predictive text.

   The analysis of more than 1000 horoscopes from Russian sites suggests that the special syntax of horoscopes reflects modern processes. It cannot be called a traditional, classical syntax, since it is formed on the basis of colloquial syntax. Identifying common features of horoscope texts, we established that the structural dominant of the horoscope is syncretic contrastive-concessive constructions, implemented explicitly and implicitly. As a rule, such constructions have a three or four-event dictum including causal relationships, while their complicating meanings are formed using lexical semantics or presuppositions. In horoscopes, such constructions manifest both basic semantic relations and new ones, provoked by the specifics of the text.

116-120 110
Abstract

   The article studies the television series “The Blind”, “A Hex” and “The Fortune Teller”, “The Witch Doctor”, “Weegee” and “The Elder”, in which the identification of the semantic content is carried out through superstition signs. The use of signs, rituals, rites, etc., actively functioning in the discourse of television series, makes it necessary to highlight the strategies and signs that the viewers identify in order to correlate their own picture of the world with an illusory, fictional representation of the world, and believe in it. The primary role in this process is played by signs that summarize and explain what is happening on the TV screen.

   The main purpose of the work is to describe the functions of superstitions, based on the lexico-semantic field “family”: prognostic, prohibitive and regulatory.

   It is established that the relationships between family members are determined by their knowledge of the signs, prescribing a certain domestic behavior, based on a system of prohibitions and permissions. In this regard, television series are considered to be a non-verbal text, including implicit symbols and signs that need to be deciphered with the help of a translator of ancient knowledge, whose role is performed by various elders, witches, clair-voyants, etc. The analysis of a large corpus of new superstitions allows us to state that different age groups of viewers display an increasing interest in the existence of a parallel world that controls all their actions, and even their lives, as evidenced by the increasing number of such TV series.

121-128 142
Abstract

   The article is devoted to the linguistic analysis of the role of proper names (anthroponyms) in a literary text. The proper names of L. Ulitskaya’s characters, in particular those in the literary work “Sonechka”, have been insufficiently studied so far. The ideological plan of the writer, contained in the anthroponyms, influences the correct perception of the content of literary works by its readers.

   In this regard, the purpose of the article is to determine the functional and semantic features of anthroponyms in the story “Sonechka” by L. Ulitskaya.

   As a result of the study, the purpose and features of the anthroponyms, functioning in the literary work, are revealed and substantiated. We believe that the proper names in L. Ulitskaya’s story “Sonechka” convey significant information about her characters and make it possible to realize the ideological plan of the writer in the literary space. The conducted analysis enabled us to come to the conclusion that the proper names in the story “Sonechka” are the key elements in the formation and disclosure of vivid literary images of its characters. The writer uses anthroponyms to ensure the expressiveness of her characters’ traits and the emotionality of their perception. By using the unique proper names in her literary work, L. Ulitskaya demonstrates her broad outlook, high level of erudition, rich imagination and creative resourcefulness.

129-135 105
Abstract

   The article studies the formation of the genre system in French literature of the Renaissance.

   The object of our study is Jacques Peletier du Mans’ theoretical work “L’Art poétique”, which embodies one of the important milestones of this process.

   Within the framework of this prescriptive poetics, the author makes an attempt to record the renewal of the poetic genre system by rejecting medieval genre forms and antiquity orientation. At the same time, Peletier is quite free in his choice of samples; one of his tasks can be considered as striving to reflect the real poetic practice of his contemporaries, among them the poets of the Pléiade and Clément Marot. As criteria for distinguishing genres, the author of “The Poetic Art” uses both thematic and formal criteria that have long been known to theoreticians, as well as a stylistic criterion. It is gradually taking shape and thanks to it, elements of the genre hierarchy arise in “The Poetic Art”. This approach best characterizes the concept of the “Pléiade assagie”, capable not only of discarding poetic principles and forms that do not suit it, but also of taking into account the experience of previous generations to glorify French national literature.

136-144 117
Abstract

   In the studies of the production novel, one of the research lacunae in modern literary criticism is the definition of the upper chronological boundary of the genre. We believe, it is the image of the protagonist that makes it possible to clarify the dating of the genre completion. The artistic dominant of the genre is the image of the protagonist as a social leader, dating back to the universal mythopoetic archetype of the Reformer / Rebel. The departure from the evolution of this genre indicates its artistic transformation. It is significant that the production novel of the 20th century was preceded by the image of the “little man”, characteristic of the “natural school” of the 19th century. The return of the image of the “little man” to the literary process in the 1970s testifies to the completion of the production novel genre evolution. Most of the works, written in the 1970s, are distinguished by the journalism optics, since they “debunk myths” telling about the “professional workings” of fashionable, prestigious and familiar professions. The protagonists of “professional novels” are mercantile philistines, as well as master-hand executives deprived of freedom of action. This approach becomes an inversion to the production novel canonical text of the 1920s-30s, whose protagonist is an altruist and a social leader, free in his actions.

   The object of the research is the genre of the production novel.

   The subject of the study is the image of the protagonist.

   The aim of the study is to clarify the chronological boundaries of the genre, based on the correlation with the typology of the protagonist’s image.

   The research methods are: mythopoetic, historicogenetic, comparative-historical, typological and a contextual analysis.

145-150 103
Abstract

   The article examines the famous Victorian writer Charles Dickens’s prefaces to his novels from the point of view of their functional significance and aesthetic originality. Dickens first published the majority of his novels in a serial form in periodicals; thus, upon the subsequent publication of the novels in a book form, he was already well aware of the way they were perceived by the readership, so he knew what additional information in the preface would be useful to the reader. The article identifies interpretational, biographical, socio-critical and commercial functions of Dickens’s prefaces. The author, who starts a dialogue with the reader in the preface, inevitably turns to the interpretation of his work. The interpretational function is generally characteristic of the literary preface, but Dickens uses it sporadically. The biographical function appears more often and characterizes the author’s ambition to be closer to his readers, to confide in them the personal circumstances under which or in the connection with which the novel came out. The socio-critical function permeates most of the prefaces: the author quite often outlines his own social mission, emphasizes spiritual and moral guidelines, and generates social responsibility in his readers. The commercial function, presented implicitly, seems to be equally important, since the author’s main goal was to draw additional attention to the publication. Dickens’s constant interaction with his audience was a part of a serious marketing approach, which together with his writing talent, provided a stable income and incredible popularity.

151-159 118
Abstract

   The artistic consciousness of the Soviet socialist realism era implied addressing the topics of building a “bright future”. The literary and artistic almanac “The Ural Contemporary” was published within the framework of this consciousness from 1938 to 1957. The publication was issued as a printed edition of the Sverdlovsk branch of the Union of Soviet Writers. Authors, wishing to be published in “The Ural Contemporary”, were supposed to take into account both current ideological and socio-political demands and the goals of the almanac. The writers’ own attitudes often did not coincide with the requirements put forward by the editors and censorship. Based on the experience of “The Ural Contemporary” and archival documents, the article explores the authors’ attempts to preserve originality in the conditions of ideological limitations and narrow thematic focus. According to our assumptions, the editors, along with embedded in the system collections of cliched texts that did not captivate the reader, published the works that aroused public interest in order to demonstrate the literary possibilities of the region, to represent the diversity of genres, to show a variety of authors and to assemble thematic issues. Writers who disagreed with the requirements, imposed on their texts, did not participate in the creation of “The Ural Contemporary”. Among the successfully published authors were such well-known writers of the Urals as Pavel P. Bazhov, as well as some cultural figures, evacuated during the Great Patriotic War. Their authorial strategies were fully implemented. When it was possible to meet all the specified conditions, the almanac created a literary ground for the demonstration of local writers’ texts, laying the foundation for the further development of Ural literature.

160-169 126
Abstract

   The article studies the colour symbolism of the Altaians, based on the literary texts of the Altai prose writers Dibash Kainchin and Arzhan Adarov. The hypothesis for the study of colour symbolism as a cultural code of the Altai ethnos is that white, blue and azure colours prevail in the studied novels (the images and expressions using the epithets “ak” (“white’) and “kӧk” (“blue”), “chaҥkyr” (“azure”), “kӧk-chaҥkyr” (“blue-azure”)). They are images-symbols, signs-codes in the traditional culture of the Altaians and have a sacral meaning, expressing the quintessence of not only the Altai, but also of the entire Turkic worldview. The philosophical interpretation of white in Kainchin’s novel-dilogy makes it possible to understand that the Altaians raised this clour to the level of a symbol, while, among the Altai and all Turkic peoples, the blue colour “kok” (“chankyr” – “azure”) blue-azure or sky-blue (“kok - chaҥkyr “, “kӧgul”) is one of the most revered colours, symbolizing eternity and constancy; it denotes the supreme deity “Tengri”. The article highlights the human world and nature, in which the studied signs-codes acquire a metaphorical meaning, they are present in the life of fictional characters, in descriptions of nature and as an independent system of artistic means.

170-176 112
Abstract

   The article, for the first time, discusses the stage interpretation of Pushkin’s “Little Tragedies” in the Tatar theater.

   The object of the research is the performance “A Feast / Plague” (stage director Timur Sharafutdinov).

   The subject of the study is the specifics of understanding the key images and the content potential of “Little Tragedies”.

   This A. S. Pushkin’s work was translated into Tatar by N. Isanbet, G. Shamukov, Sh. Mudarris and Y. Minnullina in different years. The article focuses on the issues of translation strategy. It is proved that T. Sharafutdinov’s performance is distinguished by its text-centricity, the paucity of mise-en-scenes and the slow tempo that conveys the nature of the main character Valsingam’s mental activity, the content potential of “Little Tragedies” is revealed through his prism of perception. When developing the script, T. Sharafutdinov resorts to a “frame” composition. The “feast” story serves as the “frame” of Valsingam’s farewell Word, which absorbs human passions from “The Stone Guest”, “The Miserly Knight” and “Mozart and Salieri”. On the one hand, T. Sharafutdinov’s performance revives the traditions of the ancient theater (Chorus, a tragic hero); on the other hand, he fills the action with a postmodern game, whose roots go back to youth mischief.

177-185 117
Abstract

   This work studies the reception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s heritage in Tatar culture. The article systematizes the material on the following topics: “Dostoevsky and Kazan” and “Dostoevsky and Tatar Literature”. Our study is based on the works of the Tatar writer A. M. Gilyazov, the performances of the Menzelinsk State Tatar Drama Theater named after S. Amutbayev “Uncle's Dream” (directed by R. Ayupov, 2016) and “Crime and Punishment” (directed by I. Kazakbayev, 2021). We used the comparative and hermeneutic methods in our research. Ayaz Gilyazov got acquainted with the work of the Russian writer during his studies at Kazan University. The epistolary legacy of A. M. Gilyazov, his diaries and literary works testify to the steady interest of the Tatar writer in the work of F. M. Dostoevsky. There are several ways of artistic reception: writing-reading, intertextuality and stylistic reception. In 2016, the Menzelinsk State Tatar Drama Theater named after S. Amutbayev staged the play “Uncle’s Dream” (“Abzyynin toshe”) (directed by Rinat Ayupov). It is for the first time that the Tatar Theater has put on the work of the great Russian writer. M. Knebel and P. Markov’s dramatization was translated into Tatar by A. Gafurov. R. Ayupov made adjustments to the plot of the dramatization. The ideological and artistic potential of the story was transmitted without change. This is a play about the frailty of human life and its genre is tragicomedy. In his production, R. Ayupov brilliantly realized the traditions of the carnival culture, puppet theater and vaudeville. The play uses such comic techniques as many overtaking events and tense dialogues; a dramatic effect is achieved through the compactness of action in time and space. In his performance, R. Ayupov preserves the principle of pairing of the suitors’ debunking and of the key characters, he also develops the motif of sleep. In 2021, I. Kazakbayev staged the play “Crime and Punishment” in the same theater. The scenography is based on a parallel with modernity (the theme of the “little man” in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”). The director reflects on the potential of the “little man”, on the harsh reality that can destroy a person’s soul. In the play, the theory of R. Raskolnikov is measured by a “child’s tear”. Adjustments have been made to the character system: the Superman, the Pioneer-Boy, the Pioneer-Girl and the Ghost have been added. In I. Kazakbayev’s dramatization, the game element dominates. The theme of the card game is focused on deepening the tragic meanings of the eternal life game, into which the characters are involved. The game behavior of the characters is based on the antithesis of behavior and idea. In the performance, the “extraordinary man” game acts as a projection of the future.

186-191 150
Abstract

   V. Sorokin’s works often feature images closely related to Chinese culture. One of such images, the Great Russian Wall, acts as a significant element of the meta-plot, which carries an important meaning. This article analyses the image of the Great Russian Wall in V. Sorokin’s futurological works “Day of the Oprichnik” and “Kremlin Made of Sugar” primarily through the study of the Great Wall of China and its connotations in Western culture. The article also focuses on the intertextual horizon of Sorokin’s image of the Wall: the parallels between the text by Sorokin and the texts by F. Kafka and H. Borges. The article uses comparative and cultural-historical methods to reveal the author’s artistic intent. In conclusion, the image of the Great Russian Wall in Sorokin’s future world can be perceived as a parody of the Great Wall of China. Sorokin’s Wall, on the one hand, symbolizes the closed and stagnant way of life in ancient China with its cruel feudal regime. On the other hand, it exposes the same reality of future Russia. It reflects serious socio-political problems of Russian reality, in particular its “isolation” and “totalitarianism”.

192-201 154
Abstract

   Nowadays, we are in the age of searching for the development, processing and analysis of linguistic material, which underlines the importance of introducing new technologies in working with a foreign language. This article describes the didactic possibilities of using corpus technologies (based on the Sketch Engine corpus manager) to obtain language data during university foreign language classes. The task is to demonstrate that corpus technologies are applicable and illustrative for solving various linguistic and didactic tasks. We conducted an experiment on the introduction of corpus technologies in teaching foreign languages to students of a non-linguistic field of study at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. The corpus-based methodology was used to teach students how to extract language data about German compound nouns using the Sketch Engine Corpus. The article presents linguostatistical results obtained by using the Wordlist and CQL functions available in the shells of the used corpus manager. Based on the data obtained, the article studies and describes the possibilities and application of corpus technologies in teaching a foreign language, analyzes the advantages of the visibility of the presented results, and analyzes the effectiveness of using a corpus manager in working with compound nouns.

202-208 101
Abstract

   The purpose of the article is to describe an effective system of exercises for the development of grammatical skills in international cadets at the preparatory course of the special faculty of the Military Institute (engineering and technical) of the Military Academy of Logistics named after Army General V. A. Khrulev (hereinafter – VI IT VA MTO). We created control and experimental groups, in the latter groups we implemented our approach to teaching grammar of the Russian language.

   The teaching in the experimental group was based on the innovative metamodel principle of representing Russian grammar, as well as the methodological methods for building exercises proposed by S. F. Shatilov as a three-stage system: from orientation to standardization and subsequent variation. The article thoroughly analyzes the algorithms for introducing the orienting components of Russian grammar, provides a hierarchy of standardization exercises and suggests possible options for varying Russian speech in conditionally communicative and actually communicative exercises.

   The metamodel principle of minimal grammatical models was described by M. V. Vsevolodova, we added necessary components, guiding international cadets - a constitutional distributor and a speech correlate, to its structure, which is a scientific novelty.

   In addition, the system of exercises for these minimal structures has not been previously developed in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language. In the article, we attempt to implement an improved theory in a three-stage system of effective exercises for the development of international cadets’ grammatical skills. We present a classification of the task system, identify blocks, describe their possible thematic content and the most effective components of the three-stage methodological model. The experimentally obtained data prove that this system of exercises is highly effective in teaching Russian as a foreign language at an elementary level.

209-215 127
Abstract

   The development of digital technologies, a new type of thinking and globalization require that the scientific and methodological community should rethink and revise the basic principles of teaching. The article describes a model of early introduction of the professional language into the general course of Russian as a foreign language, and revises one of the most important principles of didactics – the principle of visibility. In this regard, we focus on the terminological component in relation to the concepts “polycode text” and “creolized text”. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that polycode texts include semiotically complex texts of a predominantly dynamic type with a secondary role of the verbal component. Creolized texts include equal verbal and iconic components functioning as a single static communicative whole. Exemplified by the topic “In the Pharmacy” for first-year international medical students (generation Z) with an intermediary language of education, the article demonstrates the implementation of the principle of visibility through polycode and creolized educational content. The article discusses in detail the examples of visualization of educational content: word clouds, crosswords, filwords and infographics, highlighting the key linguodidactic features of the developed educational materials accompanied by a methodological commentary. The article concludes that the inclusion of a visualized component in the lesson of Russian as a foreign language allows teachers to optimize the development of communicative competence, and provides an opportunity to effectively use the language of professional communication at the early stages of mastering the Russian language. Visualization improves students’ focus and concentration, creates an atmosphere of cooperation in the classroom, increases students’ interest and motivation by influencing their emotional sphere, which, in turn, increases the speed of new knowledge perception, simplifies its understanding and memorization, facilitating the development of foreign language communication both in everyday life and in the professional sphere.

216-220 168
Abstract

   The article studies the peculiarities of teaching the vocabulary of the Russian language to students from China using linguodidactic modeling. To create our teaching model, we solve the problem of defining “a linguodidactic model” as a methodological concept. The article aims to study the features of the use of linguodidactic models within the framework of the nationally-oriented approach in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language. We focus on specific linguodidactic models (LDM), concentrated on specific language aspects (phonetics, stylistics, etc.). The models of this type represent a certain educational and methodological unity of elements related to the description, systematization and standardization of teaching different aspects of language to international students. When constructing the corresponding linguodidactic models, we need to take into account ethnopsychological and ethnocultural characteristics of students from China in teaching Russian vocabulary. Based on these linguodidactic models, teachers’ work with Chinese students will be more effective as they will be able to use not only the information about the culture and mentality of students, but also their knowledge about the similarities and differences between the Chinese and Russian languages. In addition, it is important to note the difference in the methods of teaching the Chinese and Russian languages: although the textocentric approach is more popular in China, in Russia the whole process of teaching Russian as a foreign language is realized within the framework of the communicative approach.

221-227 226
Abstract

   The article reviews the practical experience of using situational tasks in lessons of Russian as a foreign language when working with students who speak Russian at the elementary, basic and first certification levels (A1, A2, B1 according to the TRKI system). Our manual has been tested in several groups of different levels and different nationalities. We have come to the conclusion that situational tasks, used for the development of oral spontaneous speech, are especially effective in multinational groups. As practice shows, the use of this method contributes to the formation of intercultural competence, helps students to get acquainted with ethno-cultural characteristics of different nations and promotes the formation of tolerant attitude towards representatives of other cultures. Situational tasks in classes of Russian as a foreign language are done systematically, which allows us to effectively master previously studied language patterns in speech. The article emphasizes particular importance of the role of a teacher, who performs the functions of a mediator, directing and regulating the course of the discussion. The undoubted advantage of the proposed situational tasks is that they can be modified and adjusted depending on the needs of the group.

228-234 199
Abstract

   This paper reviews the issue of authenticity in teaching and learning foreign languages with the aim of evolving new approaches to mastering language and developing communicative competences of the English language learners up to the level of native language proficiency. We define authenticity as a methodological category and typologize its components. The paper clarifies such concepts as “authentic learning”, “authentic teaching methods and technologies”, “educational-authentic materials”, “authentic speech behavior”, and “authentic speech”. The leading research methods are a theoretical analysis of scientific literature, content analysis of pedagogical literature, mathematical data processing, and the analysis of personal empirical experience of teaching foreign languages. These methods allow us to develop the theoretical framework for conducting a pedagogical experiment at the second (final) stage of our study. The authors present a set of pertinent training exercises aimed at exposing the English language learners to the authentic language. Finally, the paper discusses the issues and practices of teaching authenticity in the English language classroom and offers teaching materials and general recommendations for English language instructors.



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