The article analyzes some lexical units (nouns) from the first Russian translation of Areopagitica, made in the 18th century by hieromonk Moses Gumilyovsky, which is of great interest from the point of view of the Russian literary language history of that period. These units are not recorded in lexicographic sources, but most of them are formed according to regular word-formation models of the Russian language. Some of them are structural calques or semi-calques of Greek equivalents. It is noteworthy that even when making a calque, Gumilyevsky tended to create a semantic translation. The purpose of the work is the lexical and word-formation analysis of such word usage. To achieve it, we classified the studied units in accordance with their representations in historical lexicographic sources. As a result of the fulfilled research, we have found that Gumilyevsky's new words are primarily nomina abstracta with the meaning of quality, less often of action (or its result) in accordance with the textual and genre affiliation of the treatise translated by him and its content features. Even within the framework of a small volume of the analyzed vocabulary, we have traced the main trends of Gumilyevsk’s translation as a whole: the translation of substantiates by suffix formations, the preference for names with the meaning of abstract quality and the semantically oriented transmission of the original text.
The similarity or dissimilarity of the spoken words is generally rendered by intuition, depending on the personal orientation or the personal traits of a listener/speaker. The existing methods of phonetic encoding of words suffer from a number of shortcomings, the main one being the impossibility of weighing spoken words in quantitative terms. Moreover, the existing methods may be related to a certain language or language family. The algorithm advanced in the present paper compares the characteristics of different phonemes that make up a word. The paper treats phonemic frequency and sonority as elements common both for consonants and vowels, backness and openness, as features pertaining to vowels, and the place of articulation pertaining to consonants only. The algorithm in question permits to compare in quantitative terms the words of different length, whether formed by open or closed syllables. The inter-phonemic distances are calculated by employing Euclidean metrics. The paper suggests fields of application of the method treated in the paper: this scheme can be applied in the fields of comparative linguistics, in medicine, when the hearing disorders are scrutinized, as well as in the brain cortex mapping.
The article explores the subject valency filling of the subjunctive infinitive in Middle Russian and Modern Russian. Our research is based on the handwritten collections of zagоvory dated the 17th and 18th centuries and the materials from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Usually, both in the modern Russian language and in the Middle Russian period, the subjunctive infinitive was used with agent subjects, referring to creatures with will and consciences. This kind of restriction can be overcome only through personification, as a result of which the non-agent subject is reinterpreted as an agentive one. The restriction on the compatibility of the subjunctive infinitive with non-agent subjects follows from its grammatical semantics: in the Middle Russian language, this verb form expressed an imperative meaning that could be realized if the subject of the action had will and consciousness and was able to control the situation. Over time, the subjunctive infinitive has lost its imperative semantics and in Modern Russian is used in contexts with evaluative meanings. Its usage only with agentive subjects has been preserved as a result of the lost imperative semantics.
The current article studies functions of a joke in political discourse. We focus on the identification of the most common practices of the joke use in the public speeches of Vladimir Putin, the current President of the Russian Federation, and his individual manner of creating expressivity in the context of public speeches. The leading method of our research is the descriptive method, which allowed us to summarize our findings. Furthermore, we used contextual and component types of analyzing the language material, which was continuously sampled. Thus, we have established that Vladimir Putin uses various thematic jokes (historical, ethnic and traditional) quite often in his speeches, which help create an informal atmosphere. It is often that he gives a brief explanation after each joke to summarize the idea. It is important to note that the Russian president primarily uses referential (situational) jokes targeted not only at Russian speakers, but also at international listeners. As a result of the conducted study, we have come to the conclusion that speakers use jokes ina political discourse not only due to their main functions of exerting impact and drawing attention, but also due to their ability to act as an evidence base during an argument; at the same time, they highlight the obviousness of existing concepts.
The article presents the linguocultural image of the royal family and its representation in media texts. The linguistic and cultural image is defined as a set of stereotyped features that are positively assessed by the target audience and have deep national and cultural connotations. The analysis of the modern English media discourse, carried out within the framework of the article, made it possible to identify the main linguocultural attitudes forming the basis of the British royal family image. We describe the following integral characteristics of the image representation of the persons belonging to the royal family: nepotism and love of children, skepticism towards everything new and foreign, orientation towards the queen as a symbolic and valuable core of the royal family, their pride in the great historical past while simultaneously feeling the burden of imperialism. The article notes that members of the royal family are making attempts to modernize their own image characteristics in order to adapt them to the linguocultural realities of the modern epoch.
The purpose of the article is to identify the most typical linguistic means of influencing the addressee in social advertising, warning about the danger of the Coronovirus pandemic.
An analysis of materials that appeared on various social networks, videos on Youtube.com and on the Stopcoronavirus.rf website for the period from May 2020 to March 2022 showed the high-frequency use of language games (50 % of videos) and neologisms (50 %) in the first period of the pandemic. During the period of mass vaccination against coronavirus, the number of “language games” and “neologisms” in social advertising decreased to 42.3 % and 34.6 %, respectively. Based on the data obtained, the author conducts an analytical examination and draws a conclusion about the strategic shift that occurred in the model of the “social advertising” speech genre during the pandemic. The use of the imperative form of the verb in incentive sentences is the most active morphological tool in constructing the addressing of social advertising about COVID-19, regardless of the period of the pandemic. This is due to the most basic goal of social advertising - to encourage people to do or not to do something in their personal interests, as well as in the interests of society.
The article deals with the issue of rethinking the image of the state with the help of the anthropomorphic metaphor COUNTRY IS A PERSON. Taking into account the anthropocentric paradigm of linguistic knowledge, we believe that in the process of their nomination and characterization in the language, objects, surrounding a person, become similar to a native speaker. The experiment was carried out in the form of a survey, in which respondents described Russia through a metaphor with the HUMAN source sphere. 100 people took part in the survey: 70 respondents aged from 18 to 40 and 30 above the age of 40. The proposed method of analyzing anthropomorphic metaphorical modelling of the country image has shown its applicability for identifying the essential attitude characteristics towards the country. Seven cognitive features were identified: a strong-willed character, conservatism, desire to help, militancy, changeability, coldness and patience, which demonstrate a certain level of variability both within the cognitive framework itself and their dependence on the age of the respondents. In particular, we suggest that the most significant feature should be a stronger manifestation of the conceptual sphere “unfriendliness” among the responses of younger respondents, and a more obvious manifestation of the feature “strong-willed character” among the older generation.
This article analyzes the linguistic portrait of a repressed woman. To provide a detailed description, the image of the main female character in the novel under study is compared with the totally opposite image of her mother-in-law; at the same time, these images are closely intertwined. The heroine’s vocabulary, the sentence structure in speech, the punctuation marks, the ratio of internal and external speech (the internal monologues help to describe the main character Zuleikha most accurately) and the dynamics of these characteristics, as the storyline develops, are the most important elements of creating her linguistic portrait. We note the significance and importance of studying the linguistic picture of the world of our authors (in this case, the study is based on the novel by the modern author Guzel Yakhina) within the integrative paradigm of linguistics and the general need to study the language of G. Yakhina’s text with the aim of introducing inophone students to the Russian language and literature. This analysis allows students of the Russian language not only to improve their communication skills, but also introduces them to the key moments of our history, the culture of Russia and the region of residence (in this case, Tatarstan) – since the culture of speech is not only the ability to speak eloquently and correctly, but also the knowledge of the people’s specific features.
The article deals with the principles of analysis and description of the Russian language based on the functional approach.
The aim of the study is to identify the role of orthography in society and language, and the features characterizing the implementation of the general patterns of language units’ functions (graphemes, phonemes, morphemes), which determine the formation of orthography principles.
Taking into account modern linguistic theory, we demonstrate, based on the mechanism for implementing positional variants of language units, the regularities of applying the morphological principle not only to the way individual morphemes are written, but also to the structure of the Russian language as a whole. In this regard, we propose to consider orthography not as a set of rules, but as the most important means of maintaining the unity of the oral and written forms of the language. Thus, we conclude that literacy is not limited to observing the norms of the literary language, orthography norms reflect the desire to most adequately reflect the standard of its units (morphemes) in the written form of the language existence, and this must be taken into account when forming a system of orthography rules. Accordingly, orthography, as one of the most important components in the Russian language learning, should be taught through the prism of a reference image formation of a certain circle of words whose knowledge determines the level of literacy.
Throughout their millennia of history, cities have been linguistically diverse. Urban language differs from other forms of language existence, including literary language at all linguistic levels: phonological, grammatical, syntactical, lexical and idiomatic. This article deals with the terminological apparatus within the framework of sociolinguistic research into the German-speaking tradition, which belongs to the studies of linguistic variability of German speaking groups, living in big cities: “urbanlect”, “metropolitanlect”, “regional language”, “city language” and “local language”. The article attempts to distinguish these concepts. In the sphere of sociolinguistics, the variety of the terminological apparatus, used to describe various forms of language existence, is not only a consequence of the need to describe a large number of diverse language phenomena within different categories (territorial division, social stratification, national attribute, etc.), but also a consequence of its basic concepts uncertainty and their interaction on which this apparatus is based: language, a language norm and a dialect. Thus, the problem, associated with the definition of the status of a particular language variety as a separate language or as a dialect of some language is still open. This in turn leads to difficulties in distinguishing, for instance, the notions of “regiolect” and “regional language” within general categories.
The purpose of this article is to find the most appropriate set of concepts and terms that can be applied in the study of the linguistic variation of urban vernaculars at the phonological and phonetic levels, taking into account the peculiarities of the German urban colloquial language.
This article deals with the features of vocative forms used in a literary text. Guzel Yakhina’s short story “A Moth” was chosen as one of the most meaningful in terms of presenting culturally significant information (due to the combination of fictional and documentary narrative).
The aim of the article is to identify and comment on linguistic universals and peculiar Russian (including Soviet) linguistic culture, which are realized in special forms of Russian anthroponymic appellatives in specific speech acts of address in the story.
Methodologically, the article is of interdisciplinary character, because the author uses methodological tools based on the application of general scientific methods (modeling, interpretation) and specific methods (linguistic reconstruction of culture, language and culture commentary). Having analyzed the corpus of appellative words that forms a specific space of interpersonal communication in a literary text, the author highlights the features of the worldview and communicative stereotypes of the era, reconstructed in the literary text. We identify the reasons for the unproductive use of appellatives in the analyzed text by G. Yakhina, as well as the most frequently used anthroponymic units.
The article studies the specifics of the semantics and structure of the preventive in the horoscope text, which is built according to the rules characteristic of any text. The horoscope possesses completeness, coherence, integrity, logic, etc., while it can have texts of different length: from two to three sentences to the full text including from 5 to 30 sentences. Volumetric horoscopes, as a rule, contain predictions for a year or a month, small horoscopes specialize in predictions for one day.
The purpose of our work is to identify the specifics of representing the meaning of warning in television discourse.
By making the syntactic level the focus of our attention, we clarify the definition of a warning as a special type of pragmatic expression of will. The article identifies the preventive model in television discourse. For this model, the concessive-contrastive semantics is relevant, which functions most often as implicit in various contexts. We describe the keywords, nominating the preventive in the horoscope, and the conditions for semantic substitutions of keywords. The main method of research is a discourse analysis of more than 1000 horoscopic texts functioning in the program “Good Morning” (TV I). The results of an anonymous survey of more than 2,000 people indicate that about 50 percent of respondents believe horoscopes.
The article examines one of the morphological innovations in Old Russian noun declension system, so-called the a-expansion, as a result of which the words of all declensions acquired inflections with the formant -a- (-амъ, -ами, -ахъ) in the dative, instrumental and locative plural forms. An analysis of the relevant *ŏ/*jŏ-stem noun forms, which were found in the five studied corpora of Old Russian business writing monuments of different geographical origin, made it possible to reveal several patterns in the development of this process that are significant for historical morphology. Thus, the data show that the a-expansion either was evolving more slowly in the instrumental case than in the dative and locative cases or was less often reflected in writing. Based on the studied material, the article concludes that neuter nouns could succumb to the a-expansion faster than masculine words. In addition, the data of the studied texts allowed assuming that the a-expansion began earlier and was evolving faster in the northwest, while in the central zone this process proceeded slower.
The article studies the concept of “military terminology” in modern Russian.
The relevance of the study is due to the widespread use of military terminology in the media and the rapid advancement of weapons technology.
The aim of our research is to study the features of military terminology in modern Russian.
The research methods are: the study of scientific literature on the topic, the analysis and the classification.
The article distinguishes between the concepts of “military vocabulary” and “military terminology”, defining military terminology as a significant part of military vocabulary. The article explores the problem of studying military terminology in a historical context and analyzes various modern approaches to the classification of military terms concluding that these classifications have a number of shortcomings.
The novelty of the study lies in the expansion and deepening of the existing classifications of military terminology.
The system of military terms is quite mobile: old terms are replaced by new ones, and many foreign borrowings appear. The article concludes that military terminology occupies a significant place in the lexical system of the language, it is widely used in everyday speech of native speakers and in journalism. The study of military terminology is of great importance not only within the framework of linguistics, but is also of high value for history.
This paper studies the functions of Russian motion verbs from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. We analyze the functions of the prefix structure of the verb идти in the lyrics of modern Russian songs. Here, we consider independent prefixes used with Russian motion verbs, such as по-, вы-, у-, от-, при-, до-, за-, под-, в/во-, про-, etc. They have different meanings. This study is based on the lyrics of modern Russian songs. In the framework of the study, we have explored about 150 songs. The main research method is observation. We have concretized the meaning of the prefix structure from the perspective of cognitive linguistics and found that the verbs of motion, prefixed with от/ото-, include emotions of worry and fear. The prefix у- has the meaning of sadness, sorrow, despair and other emotions. The paper also represents the emotional meanings of other prefixes. For example, the verb выйти may indicate that the subject is trying to get rid of some complex or difficult situation. The verbs прийти and дойти indicate that a person successfully reaches a certain place, but прийти usually indicates the place, which the subject visits regularly. Дойти represents the movement undertaken with a certain goal or task and so on.
The article studies the toponymic space of the city of Yelabuga in the Republic of Tatarstan and the possibility of using the local linguistic material in the Russian language classes in middle school.
Our research is relevant due to the search of new forms and methods of implementing the system-activity approach in learning and the use of competence-oriented tasks related to the study of the native land.
The aim of the research is to consider the features of Yelabuga toponymy and the possibilities of using the obtained linguistic material to develop schoolchildren’s linguistic and local history competence and their basic universal learning activities, to activate their cognitive abilities, to expand students’ linguistic outlook and create motivation for solving creative and research tasks.
The article presents the history of the origin of Yelabuga toponyms, their classification, based on historical facts, and the current state of the town.
The novelty of the research consists in updating and systematizing the linguistic material on the topic, considering the possibilities of its use in implementing educational potential of learning.
The methods of our research are: a textual analysis in the study of scientific, educational, reference and other literatures; the descriptive and comparative methods; the method of interviewing.
As a result of the study, we have revealed and described little-studied facts of Yelabuga toponymic space and some aspects of naming and renaming of its streets.
The article clarifies the concept of dialect, emphasizing the decline in the interest of modern linguistics in dialects.
The relevance of the study: language is an indicator of the condition of society and any transformations of social relations primarily manifest themselves in the language environment of the country.
The scientific novelty lies in the fact that we studied the dialect of village residents, the village of Skhodnevo, the Klyavlinsky district, the Samara region; for the first time, the linguistic connections of the northeastern dialect of the Russian language in the Samara region and the Tatar language have been established, based on dialect morphology; the study was conducted using new language material (the language material was collected in the homeland of one of the authors of the article).
We clarified the reasons for the emergence and interpenetration of some dialectal linguistic phenomena using the following research methods: the method of observation of the villagers’ dialect, descriptive and comparative methods. The lexical features, noted by us, expand the understanding of the typology of the Samara dialects and represent a unique material. At the level of phonetics and morphology, typological differences include the shift of stress, akanye and the southern Russian pronunciation of the sound [g]. Thus, the lexical features of Russian dialects can easily be borrowed from one dialect by the other. This material will be useful for teachers of the Russian language and students of philology.
The article systematizes information on the Kazan school of Tolstoy Studies, on the systematic work of the scholars aimed to perpetuate the memory of the great Russian writer in our region and on trends in translation studies. The paper briefly outlines the regional aspect of the topic “Tolstoy and Theater”. We give a generalized description of the performances, based on the works of Leo Tolstoy, and staged in Tatar theaters on the occasion of the 195th anniversary of the Russian literature classic. The directors focused on the works from the school curriculum: “The Caucasian Prisoner” (directed by Ilfak Hafizov) and “Kholstomer” (directed by Rustam Galiyev). When developing a script, the screenwriters “nationalized” the content. In order to deepen the images of the “Tatars”, Ilfak Hafizov adds dialogues, and Rkail Zaidulla, contrary to the author’s attitude of detachment, relies on a rich arsenal of vocabulary related to the concept of “horse”, inventing beautiful nicknames for horses, as he cannot overcome his special feeling for horses inherent in the Tatars. Director Lisa Bondar and playwright Ekaterina Augustenyak, working on the dramatization of “Dөm” (Rafkat Shagieva’s translation) based on Leo Tolstoy's play “The Power of Darkness”, transfer the events to modern times. The creators of the play focus on the people. This explains the strange name of the production in Tatar. Tatar performances appeared on the professional stage thanks to the project “Culture of the Small Motherland” and the subproject “Theaters of Small Towns”.
The eastern reception of Leo Tolstoy’s oeuvre remains in the list of topical issues. It primarily refers to the Persian perception of the Russian writer’s literary and philosophical heritage because Iran, unlike other Asian countries, has been a closed country for a long time. In the pre-Soviet period (during the lifetime of the author of “War and Peace”), there was no information about the state of Tolstoy Studies in Iran, except for the Russian newspaper and magazine chronicles, which reflected the facts of the general Persian cultural reception of Leo Tolstoy. The situation did not improve during the Soviet period. It is enough to point out that despite the efforts of Iranian philologists, a complete bibliography of Persian translations of Leo Tolstoy’s works was not compiled, and in the works, presenting a general idea of the problem, information on the topic “Tolstoy in Iran” was taken from second-hand sources, without proper verification. In Iran itself, objective factors, related to the unsystematic nature of the source base about Leo Tolstoy, had an impact. The post-Soviet period has not observed Russian Tolstoy scholars’ sustained interest in the problem of the Persian image of Leo Tolstoy. At the same time, Iranian researchers prefer to consider the mechanisms of perceiving Russian literature as a single text, without its special and detailed disclosure based on the example of Leo Tolstoy.
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of literary viewpoints on Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina” in Iran.
It should be emphasized that this review does not claim to be complete: the chronological series, without which it is impossible to describe the receptive dynamics in the spectrum of assessments and interpretations, is far from being complete; the problem of the first references of Iranian literary criticism and literary studies to the novel (apparently, the 1920s) has remained unsolved. The task of the article is more modest: to a certain extent to fill in the gap of understanding how the famous novel was interpreted in Iran.
The purpose of the publication is to establish the reasons for the growth of the documentary principle in fiction for over the last one and a half centuries in connection with the transformation of the semantic and value powers that the author of the work possesses.
The value aspect of the documentary principle in literature is about the role the fact plays as a link with being, when the writer’s ability and his right to authoritatively act as a subject coming into contact with the cumulative experience of mankind is called into question. In the presence of the documentary principle, the result of a creative act is not a narrowly understood aesthetic product, a phenomenon of an exclusively fictitious nature realized in “autonomous being”, taken outside the “reality of births and deaths” of the author and the reader. Reliance on the fact opens up the possibility for a creative act to be realized as an event, rooted in the space of its responsibility to true being. However, the creative activity of the artist as the founder and organizer of a meaning-generating event still remains an indispensable condition for a work of art. The dialectical unity of the truth of a fact (document) and the individual creative initiative of the author is preserved in literature of a predominantly documentary nature. The author confirms the authenticity of all stamps on the document, personally and artistically ratifying it and overcoming its subjective ontological fluctuation. The formative initiative of the author also remains of paramount importance due to the fact that a direct transfer of life to paper is impossible (either because of its inexpressiveness, or, more often, due to the intolerable traumatic experience that is ousted from the bright field of the individual’s consciousness). The author provides an opportunity for the other (the reader) to have access to the “bare life”, of which he was a witness and a participant, creatively building a subject-shaped structure that ensures this accessibility. The work of V. T. Shalamov serves as a support for the ideas presented in the article.
The article discusses issues related to the concept of time and space as one of the specific aspects of the travelogue genre. Currently, it is possible to clearly distinguish between scientific, journalistic and literary works about travel, although the synthetic, interactive nature of travelogues is quite obvious. The peculiarity of the genre of travel notes is in its figurative and artistic assumptions. Literary travels were often fictional, which led to the possibility of using artistic fantasy in the travelogue genre. The archetypal meaning of the travelogue genre manifests itself as a connection between the poles of binary oppositions. One of the topics is the purpose of man in the culture of his ethnic group. Accordingly, in the genre of a literary travel, a person acts as a bearer of the values and norms of his people, as a representative of his culture, communicating with an unknown space, a space that has yet to be mastered. The concept of time is closely related to the concept of space. The article consists of three parts, three substantive blocks. In the first block, the concept of a “travel product” is revealed, giving its typological characteristics of time and space. The second block is “a subject”, it describes how ideas about space – a potentially cognizable category - are reflected in travel notes. The third block includes the results of the study of works in the travelogue genre. In it, the article examines travel recordings about the Central Asian khanates.
The article examines the insufficiently studied aspects of the Adyghe versification system based on one of its areas, and a significant component of the verse – its metrics. It presents a comprehensive analysis of the metric system of the Adyghe (Kabardian, Circassian, Adygheyan) literary verse. Our research focuses on the specifics of the development of syllabic-tonic meters (trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrach, anapest) and the features of their functioning in different genres and genre forms of national poetry.
The relevance of the stated problem is due to the fact that the system of Adyghe versification in general and the metrics of national verse in particular have not become the subject of scientific consideration over the past decades.
Meanwhile, significant changes took place that determined further trends in the evolution of genres, genre forms and the poetics of verse. During the indicated period, innovative methods and forms of organizing a poetic text have been mastered, requiring scientific understanding in the context of modern poetry and the use of new methodological tools for analyzing poetry.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time it has made an attempt to comprehensively study the metrics of verse at all stages of the evolution of Adyghe literature.
The results obtained can be used in special university courses and special seminars on the history of Adyghe (Adygheyan, Kabardian, Circassian, Circassian abroad) literature, in particular - a comprehensive examination of the system of Adyghe versification, as well as in research into the field of national philology and for writing graduation papers and doing other kind of research work.
The article describes the “Techno-R” pedagogical technology, which is being developed at the Department of Theory and Practice of Teaching Foreign Languages at the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication of Kazan Federal University. We characterize this technology in terms of goal-setting – improving students’ communicative competence; in terms of philosophical principles – the humanistic approach, recognizing the value of man as a person who has the right to develop and demonstrate their abilities; in terms of the organizational form of training – group and individual classes; in terms of diagnostic procedures for identifying the level of proficiency in a foreign language communicative competence and ways of achieving the goal. The article analyzes the theoretical foundation of the research, based on the theory of knowledge transfer by P. Galperin, the theory of transfer and the theory of cognitive-practical activity methods, created by the researchers of the Kazan didactic school. The article discloses the content and procedural aspects of the “Techno-R” technology and its place among other modern technologies. Of particular interest is the stage of the indicative basis of speech actions adjusting the skills, included in the structure of language competence, and speech skills in productive and receptive types of speech. This stage is the key to success in adjusting the level of students’ communicative competence. The article presents an overview of the experimental material on improving the quality of education based on teaching French at school and university using the method of mathematical statistics Student’s T-test. The “Techno-R” technology is included in the field of the humanistic paradigm of the society development, it helps people in acquiring the ability to speak a foreign language.
Systematic work on the text, when working with international students, contributes to the formation of their communicative and aspect speech skills. It is one of the conditions for regular language practice, which helps foreign language listeners to orient themselves in another country. The article discusses the comprehensive teaching of foreign students to work on a monologue. Since monologues differ in content and design, the purpose of our research is to study a typology of texts and ways of working with monologue utterances in the process of teaching Russian to students of the pre-university level. The article considers the types of monologues, the thematic scope of their use and the communicative component of the texts, we prove that the development of monologue speech skills should be combined with lexical and grammatical activities in almost every lesson of the Russian language, starting with the elementary stage. The conducted research confirms the idea that reasoning on scientific topics requires more attention. Effective and systematic work on a monologue statement contributes to the international students’ ability both to retell what they have read and to express their thoughts. It develops the student’s logic through answering questions, composing dialogues and solving new situational tasks.
This article is devoted to the problem of international students’ step-by-step study of Russian word formation basics. The article puts forward the suggestion that the study of the Russian word-formation features should initially be based on the linguistic structure of the student’s native language, in particular, Chinese. Taking into account the L1 characteristic features will allow the teacher to create a certain logic for presenting the linguistic material, to detect similarities and differences between the mother tongue and the target language. Thus, the understanding of the typological differences between the Russian and Chinese languages highlights the need to develop the skills for isolating morphemes in a word, especially the root morpheme, and only then to introduce tasks, focused on the assimilation of certain, primarily productive word-formation models, into the educational process. We propose to use stylistic comments when working with derivative words of productive word-formation types and to use graphs that allow the students to understand the mechanisms of word production in the Russian language. By gradually expanding the range of analyzed lexemes, we develop the skill of isolating derivational affixes, primarily regular ones, teach international students to determine the word–formation meaning depending on the nature of the generating basis, to see and explain semantic shifts in derived formations, contributing to a better understanding of the pair “derivational base” – “derivative”. Moreover, it will be a serious reason for expanding the students’ vocabulary. The presented analytical work on the word-formation material is supposed to be carried out taking into account the principles of clarity, consistency and structuring.
The article discusses the key trends in the school course of literary education, identifies problematic aspects in the teaching of Tatar literature in educational institutions with the Tatar language of instruction.
The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficiently studied problematic aspects in the teaching of Tatar literature in general educational institutions with instruction in the Tatar language, and, therefore, the need to analyze sample syllabuses for Tatar literature in this aspect.
The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in the course of our study, firstly, attention is focused on the main principles, on which two groups of authors based their programs, built according to concentric and chronological principles, underlying the current teaching of Tatar literature; secondly, problematic aspects are identified in teaching Tatar literature.
As a result of the study, it is argued that the main problem in teaching Tatar literature is the knowledge of the theoretical foundations for students to learn the creative path of a particular writer and the literary process as a whole; to this end, students need to know the system of theoretical terms and concepts, the criteria for analyzing a literary text and artistic phenomena. The second urgent problem concerning the algorithm of Tatar literature learning at school is related to the study of the history of verbal art. The third important problem is the problem of motivation for reading literary texts, since reading a literary text is an important component in the school course of literary education.
The article deals with cognitive modeling of low-format texts from the course book “English Unlimited. Elementary”.
The aim of the article is to reveal the dominant constituents of the linguo-cognitive model and to highlight their relevance to this very level of language learning (Elementary).
The study shows that Participants, Setting and Scene and Act Sequence are the dominant components of the linguo-cognitive model in the texts. The constituent Participants is expressed by personal pronouns and proper nouns. The component Setting and Scene is represented by toponyms and nouns with locative semantics. Action verbs and stative verbs in present tenses are used to express the constituent Act Sequence. The importance of these constituents can be explained by the anthropocentric approach to educational material selection and to the learning process where the main purpose is to develop communicative competence of a student. These components of the linguo-cognitive model and their language representations show that the authors of the course book consider them the leading ones for developing language competence acquired at A2 level of language learning. It has been also found that linguistic representations of the objective-referential situations refer to the concept of National Identity in the educational discourse under analysis.
