The paper studies the issues of interference in Tatar ergonyms. The research is based on modern names of Kazan infrastructure objects, forming the linguistic image of the city in the conditions of Russian-Tatar bilingualism. We analyzed the interference phenomena in Tatar ergonyms, taking into account their theoretical comprehension found in scientific literature. The most common errors include incorrect spelling of Tatar phonemes, case endings and word order in a sentence. We have found that the Russian language influences the formation of ergonyms, so there are deviations from the standards of the modern Tatar literary language. Over time, violations of this type can lead to changes in the language norms that may eventually be perceived as part of the existing linguistic norm, making this problem particularly relevant. In a globalized world, it is important to recognize the importance of preserving different languages and cultural identities for future generations. This allows the authors to conclude that the government should take control of the information presented on signboards of the urban spaces, ensuring that it is orthographically correct, semantically accurate and stylistically comprehensible to native speakers. The article emphasizes that the experts, involved in translating the names of various organizations, enterprises, institutions, etc., and information on signs and official website, should be well aware of the requirements for spelling out ergonyms. In the epoch of globalization, the problem of preserving languages, their national-cultural characteristics and the identity of different peoples is of particular importance.

The article analyzes linguopragmatic aspects influencing the formation of a politician’s personal brand, since in the conditions of modern media space, the perception and success of a politician’s activity largely depends on his/her public image. The analysis pays special attention to such key aspects of personal brand formation as idiostyle, communicative strategies and tactics of interaction with the audience, linguistic means used to influence the target audience and the collective addressee. The article concludes that a politician’s personal brand is a multimodal formation, including both verbal (lexicon, stylistic means, syntax, phonetics (prosody and intonation)) and non-verbal components (facial expressions, gestures, manner of dress), as well as the manner of interaction with the audience. The study of linguopragmatic features of creating a modern politician’s brand is carried out using the topical material. We study the personal brand of Kamala Harris, the Vice-President of the United States, which makes the work especially relevant for modern linguistics, because it enables us to explore the features of communicative strategies and tactics implementation using lexical, grammatical, intertextual and stylistic means through the prism of conversion analysis.

The article studies the features of the euphemization of human physiology and physiological needs in modernist English literature (based on the novel by J. Joyce’s “Ulysses”). The relevance of the article is the necessity of the phenomenon of euphemization to improve and preserve the integrity of languages to a certain extent, due to the formation of “political correctness” as a public phenomenon. Constant lexical changes in the language (neologisms, dysphemisms, argot words, etc.) and their connection with taboo contexts (“death”, “woman”, “physiology”, etc.) can lead to the violation of its integrity and rules, as well as to the degradation of society as a whole. In addition, the concept of “physiology and physiological needs” has been unacceptable and is still considered unethical in oral and written (including literary) form till this day. To reduce the level of usage of such vocabulary, it is important to study euphemization as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon. The novelty of the article is an attempt to study the phenomenon of euphemization in one of the taboo contexts “physiology and physiological needs”, whose unethicality did not affect J. Joyce’s writing of his novel “Ulysses”. The writer uses euphemisms to reflect this taboo concept, and deliberately breaks language rules in the novel. The purpose of the article is to study euphemization as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon in the taboo context of “physiology and physiological needs” based on specific literary material. The tasks are as follows: 1) to investigate the linguistic and cultural phenomenon of euphemization, its features and functions; 2) to analyze the relationship between euphemization and formed British character, as well as between the taboo concept of “physiology and physiological needs”, language in general and obscene vocabulary; 3) to give examples of the studied concept’s euphemisms from the novel “Ulysses” by J. Joyce.

The article deals with the occasional past passive participles of the type zabluzhennyi, prisnennyi, derived from the reflexiva tantum verbs. The problem of the derivation and use of these forms raises a number of questions related to the definition of the criteria for the normativity of these derivatives, their qualification as an error or as a language game, and an explanation of the reasons for their use. The material for the corpus-based study is data from “The General Internet-Corpus of Russian (GICR)”. The purpose of the study is to search for derivational principles of occasional participles, to evaluate statistics of their use, to consider the contextual conditions of the use of participles with subjects and objects of different types, and to determine the main lexical and grammatical meanings of the words. As a result of the study, we have discovered that the derivation of these participles has an almost twenty-year tradition, since most of the forms were first fixed in the corpus in 2004-2006. Non-normative participles are most often derived from reflexive verbs directly, by passing the stage of a non-normative transitive verb without the postfix - sya. A contextual analysis shows that non-normative past passive participles are more often used with inanimate names. Finally, there were identified three meanings of the non-normative past passive participles: a resultative meaning of the time precedence of the main predicate, a stative meaning denoting the state of the subject or object without reference to the preceding action, and an adjectival meaning emphasizing timelessness, constancy of the described feature, which allows qualifying the obtained forms as verbal adjectives. Explanations given by the users to the forms of participles, words in quotation marks, and a reference to a motivating verb stem allow us to conclude that some non-normative derivatives are the result of a language game. The reason for such word creation can be considered as the speaker’s goal to fill the lexical and grammatical lacuna, obtaining the meaning of an unintentional, unconscious state without referring to a specific situation in the past. This study makes it possible to identify the main tendencies in the language of the Runet.

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that language plays a decisive role in understanding the world around us and establishing communication between people.

Language is a dynamic system, constantly developing and changing. At any given time, language contains both new and obsolete elements. The reasons, mechanisms and algorithms for the emergence of new linguistic units often lead to the variant use of these elements. Variation is thus an integral part of the synchronic and diachronic development of language. It is also a fundamental feature characterizing the functioning of all linguistic units. Therefore, the problem of variability remains relevant in linguistics and requires further study.

The presence of linguistic variants can create difficulties for the speaker or writer, causing doubts about choosing one of them. Therefore, the problem of variability is closely related to the norm of the literary language. Although the norm should ensure the stability of the language, it is not static and allows for the emergence of new variants.

The presence of different variants of a word or its forms leads to paradigmatic diversity in language. Accordingly, some scientists consider it necessary to eliminate the options in order to preserve the literary norm. However, as most scientists believe, paradigmatic diversity is a necessary stage in the transformation of the linguistic system elements of any literary language, since it has a positive effect on the development of literary norms. Variants are also used as a means of stylistic enrichment of speech. In our research, we attempt to find out the factors of the occurrence of spelling variants of words in the modern Tatar language in terms of the functional and structural classification of the language.

The practical part analyzes the collected file (spelling variants of the same word). In the course of the study, the term “a variable nest”, based on the linguistic phenomenon “a lexical nest”, was introduced.

This article studies three synonymic nouns of the noun series “lovkach ‘dodger’” in the Russian linguistic picture of the world. Semantic peculiarities and contexts of use of these lexemes are analyzed based on the words “lovkach ‘dodger’”, “prokhindey ‘trickster’” and “prokhvost ‘swindler”’. The analysis uses the data of the Russian National Corpus, which makes it possible to reveal the function specifics of these words in different types of discourse; special attention is paid to the role these nouns play in the formation of national-cultural perceptions of dishonesty, cunning and deceitfulness in Russian linguoculture. The research is aimed at deepening the understanding of the mechanisms of reflecting cultural values and moral norms in language, as well as at revealing the dynamics of these concepts’ perception in Russian society. The results of the work can be used in lexicographic practice, in teaching Russian as a foreign language and in the sphere of intercultural communication.

The current article studies the advice speech genre in the Russian language. Its purpose is to describe the linguistic embodiment of the genre in the television medical discourse. By linguistic embodiment we understand both lexical and grammatical means of expressing the speech genre, whereas by television medical discourse we understand a polydiscursive text environment produced by an educational television programme about health. The article explores the scientific problem, based on the programme, broadcast on one of the Russian TV channels. To achieve the goal, we study both theoretical and practical issues. The former include a thorough analysis of scientific works devoted to the following problems: hybridization of discourse and its genres, the borderline between such terms as “speech genre” and “speech act”, the “linguistic embodiment” as a speech genre parameter, features of the speech genre of advice and peculiarities of its medical variety. The latter include the analysis of the empirical material, represented by 30 episodes of the chosen programme. The scientific results are achieved with the help of the continuous sampling method, the analysis of dictionary definitions and the quantitative method. The article concludes that the advice speech genre is built with the main and secondary linguistic means. The lexical basis of the genre is introduced by performatives “advise” and “recommend” as well as such modal verbs as “should (preferably)”, “ought to”, “must” and “need”. The grammatical basis of the genre is introduced by the second person imperative.

The article analyzes monolexemic and polylexemic terms of decorative and applied arts, which represent a unique form of artistic creativity that combines functionality and aesthetics. Its main distinction from visual arts lies not only in the aesthetic appeal of an object but also in its practical use. However, despite the prevalence of decorative applied arts, there is an acute shortage of scientific works devoted to comprehensive research on the lexical units of art studies. The aim of our research is to analyze onecomponent and multicomponent English terms in decorative applied arts and select their Russian translation equivalences. R. Rosenthal’s and H. Ratzka’s book “The Story of Modern Applied Art” served as background material for our study. Although this work is not classified as a new textbook, it holds a special place in art studies as it describes the main stages of the art development. Additionally, it contains specific vocabulary characteristic of that time, reflecting cultural, historical and social aspects of the period during which they emerged. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the given research vector, namely a comparative analysis of art history terms using a continuous sampling method. As a result of research, we have identified the most productive syntactic models for the formation of polylexemic terms in accordance with the norms of the original language and the adequacy of their translation into Russian.

The given article highlights the role of LLM in natural language processing and the possibilities of its use for various tasks, in particular in the field of business communications. It is essential to formulate prompts correctly for effective interaction with neural networks. Prompt engineering is becoming not only a technical, but also a creative process for a user to be able to effectively build communication with a neural network. The article outlines various methods for classifying prompt patterns depending on tasks and situational contexts, and provides specific prompt templates. The latest studies have revealed new ways of using LLM in business communication, for example, to create pitches or imitate the styles of famous CEOs to make up business content. We analyze the use of large language models as a tool for generating and adapting business communication texts. We have established that the choice of language means in AI-generated text affects the effectiveness of the content presentation and the result of the business project as a whole. As a result, the proper use of generative AI, including the ability to construct queries, is an important part of digital competence which affects the success of business communication and other fields of human activity.

The article investigates an axiological aspect of fantasy discourse in such computer videogames as WarCraft III (2002-2003), Disco Elysium (2019) and Hades (2020) as well as its verbalization through idiomatic expressions. Values and ideals, expressed by idioms, play an important role in creating sense representations of alternative worlds, despite functional and structural differences between videogames and traditional literary works. Videogames, featuring interactivity and organized in a form of a hypertext, create a unique discursive space where the players can choose their own ways of interacting with a fantasy world. Systematization of idiomatic expressions allows assessing the axiological content dynamics in the periods under consideration. The objective of the research is to conduct a diachronic analysis of idioms from the 2000’s until 2020’s. The article offers methodology, based on the analysis of idiomatic expressions within a hybrid axiological hierarchy, established on the systems by L. K. Bairamova and Sh. H. Schwartz, comprised of seven values. As a result, we detected significant similarities in value hierarchies for the period under consideration. The place of the values in the hierarchy is determined both by external (i.e. culture and political state of affairs in the country of a game’s development) and in-game factors (plot and game mechanics).

The article discusses the issues of instability of the terminology system utilized in the methodology of teaching foreign languages as a result of the large-scale terminological borrowings from the English language. Due to the high rate of circulating, English terms do not undergo the processes of adaptation and systematization in the Russian language, which causes difficulties in unifying the terminology in English and Russian. The article examines how the terminology denoting different types or strategies of reading correlates in both languages. We analyze Russian equivalents to the original English terms, exemplified by scientific texts in the Russian and English languages. The obtained data illustrate no precise correlation between English and Russian terms, which leads to the instability of the terminology system. This requires seeking new ways of systematizing terminology to eliminate errors in the usage of English and Russian terms in scientific contexts.

Paremias are linguistic units that represent the result of the folk wisdom crystallization, in verbal and semantic predicative complexes, widespread due to their concise form and deep semantic content. Flowers are closely related to the life of people. The names of flowers in many languages and cultures have become part of the national cultural code. In this regard, the appeal to paroemias, as the most stable formations in the language, makes it possible to clarify some features of the formation mechanisms of ideas about the world around a person in the aspect of Russian national identity. This fact determines the relevance of our research. The object of the research is the paremilogical units of the Russian language, containing the vocabulary of flower names. The leading research method was the method of associativesemantic field, which is an analysis of associative and symbolic meanings assigned to colors in a fixed semantic context. Our analysis of more than 300 paremiological units has shown that the most frequent names of flowers in Russian proverbs and sayings are: chamomile, cornflower, Ivan-da-Marya, poppy and rose. These names of flowers are endowed with various symbolic meanings by the Russian people through the associations with their use in different semantic contexts.

The article studies evaluative adjectives in military-political discourse through the pragmatic approach. The focus is on the mechanisms of cognitive, emotional, and contextual impact that these linguistic units have on the audience. The article aims to explore the pragmatic potential of evaluative adjectives in the context of military-political discourse. The research objectives include the analysis of the features characterizing the way evaluative adjectives are used by Western and Russian politicians, the study of the mechanisms of their influence on the audience, and the role of context in the interpretation of such statements. The study demonstrates that evaluative adjectives both describe events and play a significant role in manipulating public opinion, enhancing emotional responses, reinforcing social norms, and adapt to the specific communication context. By analyzing both Western and Russian politicians’ statements regarding the Special Military Operation (SMO), the article examines how evaluative language constructs cognitive frames, reinforces social norms, triggers emotional reactions, and shapes audience perceptions. The conclusions of the article emphasize the significant manipulative potential of evaluative adjectives in modern military-political discourse. The pragmatic component of their use requires further study.

The article analyzes the functions of the verbs delat` / sdelat` in 18th -century texts of decrees and orders contained in the Russian National Corpus. The research explores the specifics of these genres of organizational and administrative documentation. The article describes in detail the ways of using the tools of the Russian National Corpus to analyze the functions of the verbs delat` / sdelat` in selected official texts. During the study, we tested several methods of searching for language material (“Search for exact forms”, “Search for collocations” and “Lexico-grammatical search”), as a result, we found that the optimal way to perform our tasks is “Lexico-grammatical search”. Special attention is paid to the problem of using verbal-nominal combinations with the key components delat` / sdelat`. The article gives the definition of the term ‘stable verbal-nominal combinations’ and indicates some of the most characteristic features of such combinations. The analysis of the material, presented in the corpus, allowed us to conclude that in the 18th -century texts of orders and decrees, such combinations as vspomozhen'e (pomogi, pomoshh'), batareja, napadenie, predostorozhnost', ostanovka, rasporjazhenie, polozhenie, signal, uchrezhdenie were used. Many of the discovered combinations are not used in modern Russian, some have been replaced by synonymous ones. Over time, the status of stable ones acquired the combinations delat` / sdelat` rasporyazhenie, ostanovku, which are now actively used in formal styles of the Russian literary language.

The study examines the expression of personality evaluation and personal attractiveness in behavior and relations in the field of the Italian and English languages. The novelty of the linguistic axiological analysis devoted to the expression of assessment in the behavioral aspect is due to the lack of comparative studies based on the Italian and English languages. The concept of “an observer” is used in order to study the expression of the linguistic axiological aspect. The reactions of observers in the form of personality assessments influence the choice of actions by the subjects of behavior, reflected in the pragmatics of the compared languages. The selected nouns and phrases are related to the common theme of assessing personality and perceptions of attractiveness. The words Personal / Personale and Attraction / Attrazione represent concepts associated with evaluating individuality and attractiveness. The phrases Make an appearance / Fare un’apparizione and Personal interest / Interessi personali emphasize actions and motivations that may be assessed by observers, as the evaluation of attractiveness can depend on personal interests and the way people present themselves in society. As a result of the analysis, we have found that the dictionary definitions of the Italian and English languages contain components that determine different axiological potential when expressing a complex of purposeful behavioral actions for evaluation by observers as subjects perceiving behavior and form relations, based on the interpretation of these actions. The analyzed words and phrases convey varying degrees of meaning related to the assessment of behavior in relations and develop their potential evaluative significance in contexts. The analysis of evaluative judgments about behavioral actions allows for the identification of linguistic-cognitive and linguisticcultural foundations of the perception and evaluation of behavior and relations, as well as the uniqueness and linguistic-cultural potential of axiological approaches to understanding the complex phenomena of the world around us.

This article presents a lexicothematic study of nouns and adjectives that characterize a person, based on the Primer of Tatar and Arabic script, published in 1802 by Bukhara native Niyaz Baki Atnometyev. These lexical units represent one of the main thematic groups in any language. The introduction of lexemes that functioned in the speech of Tatars in the Tobolsk Province at the turn of the 18^th and 19^th centuries provides insights into the formation of norms of the Tatar language within a specific region. This article examines four lexicothematic groups: 1) a person as a living being; 2) a person as a sensing and desiring being; 3) a person as a thinking and speaking being; and 4) a person as a social being. We have established that the majority of the lexemes are part of the vocabulary of modern literary Tatar. Besides lexical dialectisms, constituting 23.8% of the total number of units, phonetic dialectisms are recorded (e.g., devoicing: зур – сур, таз – тас; b → m: мукру – бөкре). The Primer of Tatar and Arabic script represents a unique linguistic source. It preserves a valuable layer of vocabulary that refers to ancient Turkic roots (e.g., әпиәм – abït, исең – ïsrïm, юрчу – jurč). The scientific perspective lies in the study of nouns, adjectives and verbs in a comparative-historical aspect.

The article presents a comparative analysis of linguistic verbalization means of the concept “foreignness” in the Russian and English languages, with the purpose to identify the common (lexicographic) and occasional (implicit and associative) meanings underlying the linguistic and cultural binary opposition ours - theirs. Within the framework of the lexicographic and psycholinguistic approaches, the article studies the data from Russian and English interlingual, synonymous, explanatory and associative dictionaries and national corpora. The investigation is aimed at revealing the synonymous cores objectifying the concept of “foreignness” in both languages. It also determines the explicit and implicit meanings, which fulfill the given concept and characterizes the major linguocultural peculiarities of the concept “foreignness” reflected in the linguistic consciousnesses of both ethnic groups. The paper concludes that, firstly, there is a discrepancy between the connotations of the key English synonyms’ common meanings given in the explanatory dictionaries and the connotations of the responses to these synonyms taken as stimuli (in contrast, the Russian key synonyms generally possess neutral connotation); secondly, we identify the main meanings forming the concept of “foreignness” and later, through the prism of their key linguocultural features, we provide an interpretative characteristic of those believed to be foreign by the Russian and British ethnic groups.

The article examines the functional and semantic features of the zoonym “horse” in the context of Russian lyrical songs and reveals the semantic volume and synonymous series of this word, actualizing various semantic features of the nomination object and indicating a functionally oriented view of a person on a horse as a means of transport, draft force, comrade in arms or a mystical animal associated with the other world. The article describes the ethnic originality of the song verbalization of this nominative, presented at the level of contextual environment and symbolic understanding. We reveal the stereotypes associated with national-cultural and mythological views of the Russian ethnos, characterizing the typical compatibility of this lexeme in the texts of Russian folk songs. Along with the semantic aspect of the analysis, we make observations on the specifics of syntactic constructions, in which the object of observation appears. The article indicates the most frequent constructions with this lexeme and determines their pragmatic focus taking into account the specifics of the song genre. We have come to the conclusion about the uniqueness of the textual implementation of the nominative “horse” in folk song discourse and the anthropocentric orientation of its representations, since through the prism of descriptions, addresses, etc. within the framework of folklore, the personal axiological picture of the world is revealed.

The article considers the function specifics of the kitchen concept in the television series “The Blind” and “The Fortune Teller”, focused on the ritualization and sacralization of familiar and everyday objects and foodstuffs. The main purpose of the work is to identify the general patterns of formation and the concept functions of kitchen in television discourse, to establish the core and periphery of the conceptual field. To this end we should take into account the strategies and tactics of using superstition signs in television discourse. New, television, signs are formed according to the basic models of traditional signs, based on such principles as prediction, similarity and conditional-consequential semantics. Their specificity lies in the fact that they are focused on modern norms of everyday behavior. The analysis of television discourse makes it possible to identify a number of functions of modern superstition signs, such as prognostic, regulatory and identifying, which contribute to understanding why they underlie TV series. A superstition sign is considered as a script of the TV series based on everyday life situations, whose prediction actualizes the conceptual space of the kitchen token, enabling us to identify certain discrepancies with the traditional scheme of folk signs. We have found that the same sign can highlight different scenarios, schemes, frames through the prism of cultural, mental and social perception. The study is based on superstition signs (more than two hundred units), related to the concept of kitchen.

The article examines proverbs in Russian and Chinese that contain a component referring to fish. The analysis is conducted at two levels: the level of the internal form of the proverbs and the level of their meaning. The study of the internal form of proverbs reveals stereotypical representations of fish existing in the folk linguistic consciousness. The analysis of the proverb meanings provides an opportunity to identify the cultural attitudes of the language-speaking community. The sample includes 215 Russian and 520 Chinese proverbs recorded in lexicographic sources. The study results show that the proverbial portrayal of fish coincides in both languages, and the representation of the animal, recorded in the proverbs, is confirmed by the associations of native speakers. In the proverbs of both languages, the article highlights common cultural attitudes, such as the recognition of the need to make efforts in any endeavor and the importance of being content with having little. Differing cultural attitudes are determined by the mentality features reflected in the proverbs. Compared to Chinese proverbs, Russian cultural attitudes such as the hope for the best, the need to be vigilant, and the condemnation of the desire to present oneself as an expert in everything are lacunary. In contrast, Chinese cultural attitudes reflecting social differentiation, the need to rely on one’s own strength, and the consideration of behavioral consequences are lacunary relative to Russian proverbs. Differences in the expressed cultural attitudes determine the difference in figurative oppositions in the structure of the proverbs. Binary oppositions are more characteristic of Russian proverbs, while gradational oppositions are more typical of Chinese proverbs. The cognitive model “a Fish – a Human” has an intersection zone in the two proverbial spaces and distinct zones that characterize the features of ethnic mentality.

Bella Akhmadulina’s poetry is characterized by unique language, richness of emotions and intensive use of compound words. As a linguistic phenomenon, the role of compound words in Bella Akhmadulina’s poetry has not been sufficiently studied so far, especially in terms of their emotional expressiveness and artistic impact. Therefore, the article studies the features of compound words in Bella Akhmadulina’s lyrical poetry. To achieve this goal, by conducting a systematic structural and semantic analysis of compound words in the poetry of Bella Akhmadulina, this paper explores the diverse role of compound words in conveying emotions, building cultural symbols and artistic images, thereby revealing their unique artistic value in poetry. The abundant use of compound words in Bella Akhmadulina’s poetry allows the poetess to demonstrate her unique power in interweaving emotions and language, which becomes an important tool for the poet to express personal experience, cultural identity and emotional fluctuations. Bella Akhmadulina’s poetry is characterized by the use of metaphorical images, sound painting, color painting, antithesis and other tropes, figures and rhetorical devices, resulting in giving her poetry a richer layering and expressiveness, increasing the artistic attractiveness of her works.

The article studies the linguocultural features of the Soviet newspaper articles’ headlines about the events of April 12, 1961 and the following days. The flight into space of the first cosmonaut, the citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin, became a world event and had an enormous ideological, political, scientific, technical, cultural and universal influence. Newspaper headlines expressed the people’s joy and their attempts to understand the importance of this flight. The research material is based on the headlines of articles published in central Soviet newspapers between April 12 and 20, 1961 (The Pravda, The Izvestya, The Trud, The Komsomolskaya Pravda, The Sovetsky Sport). The choice of sources is determined by their significant circulation and popularity with different audiences. Using the structural and semantic approach, the methods of contextual analysis and description, we identify lexemes that reflect the main values of the Soviet period. The combination of expression and standard in newspaper articles and their headlines allows us to highlight the special modality of publications. The first articles about the space flight are an informational message and an emotional reaction to the epochal event, so the first headlines are a headline-address, a headline-report, a headline-motto, a headline-interview, a headline-congratulation and a headline-gratitude. According to stylistic peculiarities, the first headlines should be determined as headlines-hyperboles, headlines-epithets, headlinesmetaphors and headlines-oxymorons, there are also headlines based on synonymous or antonymous varieties, and on precedent texts. The headlines contain an assessment of the event (space flight) and express admiration for the first cosmonaut of the Earth, Yuri Gagarin. The key words in the article titles are victory, feat, triumph; in the description of the first cosmonaut of the Earth – hero, son (of the people, party, Fatherland), Soviet man, etc. are used. The newspaper headlines reflected the key values of the “country of victorious socialism”, which are similar to universal human values.

Discourse words play an important role in structuring speech, creating text coherence and conveying modality. This article studies the functions of the Russian discourse word “вот” and the analysis of ways to translate it into Chinese. The focus is the versatility of the discourse word “вот”, its syntactic and semantic features. The paper considers the functions of the discourse word “вот”, analyzing the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language. These functions include: pointing to an object, person, or event; transmitting a sequence of actions or events; enhancing emotions (for example, irony), emphasizing attention; organizing discourse through highlighting information or attracting attention; using it as a parasite word in colloquial speech. There are no direct analogues of the discourse word “вот” in the Chinese language. The article analyzes examples including the discourse word “вот” from the Russian corpus, and conducts their comparison with equivalents in the Russian-Chinese parallel corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The comparative analysis revealed eleven Chinese equivalents, however, each of them expresses only certain aspects of the meaning of the Russian word “вот”, which leads to possible semantic losses. Translation difficulties are associated with differences in grammatical and lexical ways of expressing time, pointing to objects and emotional shades in these languages. The article emphasizes that the versatility and polysemy of the discourse word “вот” require special attention when translating from Russian into Chinese. Translation often leads to a loss of speech expressiveness, which underlines the need for further research.

This article examines the history of the Irish-born journalist S. McKenna’s visits to Leo Tolstoy. He first visited Yasnaya Polyana in 1905 to interview the writer about the Bloody Sunday. Having studied McKenna’s letters, I clearly understand that he visited Tolstoy twice (the second time was presumably in 1907). In 1927, against the wishes of the journalist himself, the story about his visit to the Russian writer reached the Irish press, in which Tolstoy was presented as a “muzhik” (a peasant, a kerne) sitting behind a dirty tablecloth. Such an image aroused indignation among British Tolstoyans, E. Mood in particular. By an ironic coincidence, Mood was preparing to avenge such an image of Tolstoy not on McKenna himself, whose description was the basis for the article in the Irish magazine, but on his British namesake, the novelist S. McKenna. This article provides an analysis of the correspondence between the two namesakes from October 1927; it discusses the figure of Tolstoy and the history of the journalist McKenna’s visits to Yasnaya Polyana. McKenna’s figure is of great interest both in the context of a more global topic about Tolstoy’s relationship with Ireland and in terms of biographical issues.

The article examines the influence of stable elements inherent in Pushkin’s myth on the ways the myth of Brodsky is constructed. Proceeding from the fact that the space of mythmaking is primarily those literary genres, in which the author’s subjective position is most expressed, the study focuses on memoir literature, interviews, as well as multi-genre texts of journalistic and literary-critical nature. The comparative analysis shows the main lines of convergence in the myths about the two poets, which is possible due to their orientation towards the traditional cultural myth about the “Russian ideal poet”. The article shows that the myths about the poets of two centuries are built on the following similar subjects: the peculiarity of national positioning; fundamental alienation from their direct dependence on society; fatality of poetic service; unprecedented contribution to culture; unquestionable genius. The article concludes that the myth about Pushkin, which is a sample of the Russian variation of the “ideal poet” myth, became in demand as early as at the time of Brodsky’s contemporaries as an opportunity to justify the continuity of the Russian poetry development “from Pushkin to Brodsky”.

The article studies the work of the modern poet Igor Melamed (1961–2014). Among the writers of his time, he stands out for his creative uniqueness and clarity of aesthetic and historical-cultural convictions. The corpus of Igor Melamed’s texts has been almost completely published by now, representing three separate editions. The purpose of this study is to consider the poet’s aesthetic position in terms of the methods of working with subtext and the principle of indirect expression of meaning. Working with a quotation fund is one of the difficult poetic techniques that is aesthetically convincing when implemented in Igor Melamed’s work, it differs from the technique used by his contemporaries in its complexity and versification daintiness. The article analyzes the poet’s poem, which is most indicative in this regard: “Snow clogs the darkness, oppresses vision...” (1987), containing a rather rare example of handling a classical (Pushkin’s) original source. The theoretical basis for this principle can be found in various traditions, it is widely used in ancient Indian poetry (vakrokti). The use of indirect expression is also found in other texts by Igor Melamed, but in the poem “Snow clogs the darkness, oppresses vision...”, the principle of vakrokti is the most fully implemented.

For the first time, the novel “The Diary of Satan” by L. Andreev has been considered in the context of biblical mythology. The focus of our scientific research is the process of semantic re-construction of biblical mythologemes, with the preservation of their symbolic nature, aimed at recreating a true reality, characterized by a world outlook without Christ. Andreev appears as a thinker who represents his concepts of man and Satan’s nature. In the work, the paradigmatic exchange with biblical symbolic images and motifs demonstrates the author’s pessimism and is of an accusatory nature. The article defines the functions of mythologemes, analyzes the images in the system of relations “Vandergud (Satan) - Mary – Magnus” and shows the result of the transformation of the biblical concept of the Word. Satan, whose destiny is to tempt people, to disunite them and to be the bearer of evil, is himself exposed to temptation in the status of “incarnate”. Thomas Magnus, under the guise of lies, displays base diversity. Both Magnus and the cardinal appear before the reader as “satanned”. In the image of the “beautiful” Mary, a “terrible” emptiness is hidden. The biblical meaning of the Word in the novel is devalued, for it performs the function of a “service”, hiding the “lie of the game”, reflecting the state of affairs in the world in which the truth has been distorted. The Word-Truth is transformed into the Word-Lie. In Andreev’s concept, the eternal theme of human life and the human soul as the field of the incessant struggle between God and Satan receives a new artistic embodiment for Russian literature, which allows us to speak of him as a writerthinker, philosopher and experimenter. The research is based on the methodological principles of mythopoetic, structural-semiotic and comparative analysis of the text.

This article examines Russian travelogues of the 1920s about China in the context of the gender aspect in literary studies. The study is based on two travelogues written by women writers - ‘7000 Kilometres by Air’ (1926) by Z. V. Richter and ‘Sketches of China’ (1927) by G. I. Serebryakova. The article analyses in detail the writers’ understanding of the conflict between the traditional way of life in China and modern trends in Beijing during the period of serious historical changes, the descriptions of traditional customs, social problems in the process of modernization and the women’s social status development. Comparing these travelogues with the works of male writers, the researcher concludes that Z. V. Richter and G. I. Serebryakova pay more attention to the fate and status of women in Beijing society than male writers do. They note that upper-class women follow European fashions, while the fate of women from the lower strata of society remained unchanged; at the same time, the movement for women’s emancipation became more vigorous due to the emergence of women revolutionaries. The description of the Beijing society modernization by female writers is more subjective, emotional and plot-oriented than the narrative of male writers.

The article addresses the issue of the language barrier, influenced by both linguistic and psychological factors. This language barrier poses a significant obstacle in teaching Russian to non-native speakers and to their subsequent communication in a foreign language. Particular attention is given to the negative impact of the language barrier to intercultural communication, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in academic and professional environments. As a solution to this problem, a new educational tool is proposed–communication training, which aims to develop intercultural communication skills and overcome language difficulties. The article focuses on the advantages of incorporating such training into the educational process, highlighting its effectiveness in creating a favorable learning environment that enhances the engagement of international students in communication and fosters a comfortable environment for active verbal interaction. We present the structure of communication training, which includes the following components: introduction, immersion in the topic, group work (scenario-based activities), and reflection. The article demonstrates that the development and implementation of communication training can significantly improve the educational process. In conclusion, the necessity for further research in this field is emphasized, which will allow for a deeper understanding of the interaction between linguistic and cultural factors in the communication process and the proposal is made to implement new innovative approaches to overcome the language barriers.

This article presents the relevance of working with precedent linguistic phenomena in modern school philological education. The article comes to the conclusion about the role of literature as one of the main sources of precedent phenomena. Accordingly, this study analyzes the methodology of working with precedent names in literature lessons and demonstrates it using the title characters of M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, a fictional text of high cultural and historical significance. We propose a step-bystep system, arranging the study of the analyzed lexical units in a literature class. Being based on the developed system, this study demonstrates a system of tasks, aimed to analyze the way the characters’ relationships are described, which is a key to understanding the text, and to further conscious use of the precedent name in everyday speech. The proposed methodological materials were used in teaching practice in the State Budgetary Educational Institution “School No. 1540” among 11th grade students as part of the implementation of additional profile education. The result of the conducted work is a detailed analysis of the answers provided by students. This system of tasks can be used in literature lessons of the 11th grade, while analyzing the title characters of Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. The article concludes that the implemented methodology and the developed system of tasks are effective: in the course of this work, students expanded their associative memory, supplementing it with the precedent name “The Master and Margarita”, uniformly used in modern discourse according to the conducted experiment.

The article considers the problem of the Yakut language attrition among children and young people for whom this is the language of origin. By means of sociolinguistic research, the article determines the attitude of the younger generation to their native language as a cultural phenomenon. A significant component of the research toolkit is our criteria for the cultural competence level. The article also presents the results of the sociolinguistic analysis of the factors reducing the linguistic and cultural competence of schoolchildren. The study allowed us to come to the conclusion about the need to publish special dictionaries containing a cultural component and explanations of the words that are difficult for modern youth to understand. In this regard, we describe the experience of developing an illustrated dictionary of Yakut mythological symbols and obsolete words based on the works included into the school curriculum. This bilingual dictionary is intended for pupils, teachers and students. Working with it will help develop students’ linguistic culture, skills in independent information search and interpretation of the deep meanings of fictional and folklore texts. In the Republic, this kind of dictionary has been developed for the first time. The publication of the “Illustrated Dictionary of Mythological Symbols and Difficult-to-Perceive Yakut Words: Based on Works of the School Curriculum” is timely and relevant. Serious work has been done to identify the typological characteristics of mythological symbols found in the works of the school curriculum.

The article deals with the issues of developing and using the polycode text, as an innovative means of teaching a non-native language, and the content of the concept of “polycode text”. Russian methodologists interpret the polycode text features, which consist in the combination of verbal and non-verbal - pictorial and acoustic components. The article presents our polycode texts addressed to international students of the pre-university training stage (A2 level). Using the material of the discipline “Country Studies”, the section “History of Russia”, I have developed three polycode texts on the topic “Kievan Rus'”, which familiarize international students with the information about the formation of the Old Russian state and its social structure, about the system of writing and the birth of the educational system in ancient Russia and about the adoption of Christianity as the state religion. Our techniques, providing the polycode character of educational texts, are based on infographics, text creolization, comics, video materials available by QR codes, as well as interactive Internet materials - quest-games and interactive maps available by links. The article gives examples of pre-text tasks, text reading tasks and post-text tasks: they are also constructed as polycode tasks. The results show the effectiveness of polycode teaching tools and the possibility of using the proposed model of their development and use for other disciplines and stages of teaching the Russian language to foreign speakers.

The article is devoted to the anniversary date – the 80th anniversary of the Leo Tolstoy Institute of Culture in Bogota (Colombia). The paper gives an idea of the history of the Institute (its creation, stages of development) and focuses on the modern activities of the educational institution, which promotes (in the best sense of the word) Russian cultural and literary classics not only in Colombia, but throughout Latin America. Institutions of this kind are a form of establishing interstate relations. They are channels of dialogical communication: on the one hand, Russian culture in Colombia, on the other – Colombian Spanish-speaking culture in Russia. For Kazan Federal University, relations with the Leo Tolstoy Institute of Culture in Bogota are important: The Institute is named after a classic of Russian literature who lived and studied in Kazan; Leo Tolstoy’s ancestors and his relatives were closely connected with Kazan and the Kazan Region. In addition, many prominent representatives of Russian culture of the 18th –20th centuries were born, lived or visited Kazan (G. R. Derzhavin, S. T. Aksakov, E. A. Boratynsky, A. S. Pushkin, A. I. Herzen, M. Gorky, N. A. Zabolotsky, V. Khlebnikov and others). We express the hope that, thanks to the cooperation of Kazan Federal University and the named Institute, there will be a steady interest in the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Middle Volga Region and the Urals – Tatar, Chuvash, Udmurt, Mordovian, Mari and Bashkir people, in Colombia and other Latin American countries. Russia is a multinational and multi–religious country. The expansion and deepening of cultural relations are promising tasks of this cooperation.

The article deals with Prof. Yuzef Trunsky’s life and scientific-pedagogical work in the Department of General History at the Kazan State Pedagogical Institute. We examine the main periods of his life and professional career as a historian. The article focuses on his work in the KSPI in the educational, methodical and scientific fields. Mainly due to his active organizational and editorial work, and his creative contacts with historians from Moscow, a series of collections of works titled “The Problems of General History” were published, in them the Moscow scientists M. Barg, V. Lavrovsky and others participated side by side with Kazan historians. The major monograph “The French Village in the 19^th and 20^th Centuries. Evolution Trends”, published in 1986 by “Nauka” Publishing House, crowned his long-term research into agrarian history of France, the work was highly appreciated by the scientific community.